Leuven BPD study

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Citation article

Title:
Emotional switching in borderline personality disorder: A daily life study.
Authors:
Houben, M., Vansteelandt, K, Claes, L., Sienaert, P. , Berens, A., Sleuwaegen, E., Kuppens, P.
Year of publication:
2016
Publication name:
Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment
Volume number:
7
Issue number:
1
Page numbers:
50-60
DOI or URL:
https://doi.org/10.1037/per0000126

Study details

Baseline session:
Yes
Followup session:
No
Study design:
Patients with Borderline Personality Disorder and healthy controls reported on their emotional states in their daily lives 10 times per day for 8 days.
ESM measurement waves:
1
Ethics granting body:
Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences of KU Leuven & medical ethics committee of university hospital KU Leuven
Ethics protocol number:
s54563 & ML8517/ML5967
Year/s data was collected:
2009-2013
Location of participants (Countries):
Belgium
Background information:
Patients received diagnoses based on a clinical interview by an experienced senior psychiatrist. In addition, clinical diagnosis of BPD was confirmed using the DSM–IV Personality Disorders– Borderline scale. Healthy controls were matched on gender and age.
Languages:
Dutch
Setting:
---
Collection platform:
---
Preregistration URL:
---
Days of ESM data collection:
8
Number of ESM measures per day:
10
Sampling schedule:
signal-contingent
ESM schedule start time:
9:30
ESM schedule end time:
21:30
ESM schedule duration:
12

Sample details

Type of sample:
Inpatients with a BPD diagnosis who were in hospital while completing the study. Patients received diagnoses based on a clinical interview by an experienced senior psychiatrist. Mean age was 29.03 for the BPD group and 29.29 for the control group. The majority of participants were females (87% of BPD sample, and 86% of healthy sample).
Recruitment information:
Twenty-five patients were recruited at the University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven–Campus Kortenberg in Belgium, and nine patients were recruited at the psychiatric hospital in Duffel, Belgium. Healthy controls were recruited via word of mouth
Incentives:
---
Exclusions:
Four participants in the BPD group were excluded based on poor compliance with the experience sampling data collection protocol (less than 25% ESM compliance). 2 control participants were excluded. 1 healthy control met the criteria for BPD and 1 healthy control was taking psychotropic medication.
Number of participants:
58

Contact info

Contact:
Marlies Houben
Contact email:
marlies.houben@kuleuven.be
Selection Variable Info Assessment type Constructs Branching
UUID Default None —
Date_Local Default None —
Time_Local Default None —
b_BPD Diagnosed with BPD or healthy control Default Baseline BORDERLINE_PERSONALITY DIAGNOSIS PSYCHOPATHOLOGY —
ADPIV_BDL_DISTR_17 My relations are intense and unsteady. My feelings about others change rapidly and greatly.: Has this characteristic caused you or someone else grief? Baseline BORDERLINE_PERSONALITY PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
ADPIV_BDL_DISTR_29 I am always insecure about who or what I am and about what's important in life. My sense of self and opinions change all the time.: Has this characteristic caused you or someone else grief? Baseline BORDERLINE_PERSONALITY PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
ADPIV_BDL_DISTR_41 I am very impulsive.: Has this characteristic caused you or someone else grief? Baseline BORDERLINE_PERSONALITY PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
ADPIV_BDL_DISTR_5 I can not stand the thought of someone leaving me and would do anything in order to avoid it.: Has this characteristic caused you or someone else grief? Baseline BORDERLINE_PERSONALITY PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
ADPIV_BDL_DISTR_53 I have often threatened to end my life or actually tried to end my life.: Has this characteristic caused you or someone else grief? Baseline BORDERLINE_PERSONALITY PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
ADPIV_BDL_DISTR_65 I have hurt myself deliberately on multiple occasions.: Has this characteristic caused you or someone else grief? Baseline BORDERLINE_PERSONALITY PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
ADPIV_BDL_DISTR_77 My mood is very unstable.: Has this characteristic caused you or someone else grief? Baseline BORDERLINE_PERSONALITY PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
ADPIV_BDL_DISTR_87 I often feel empty.: Has this characteristic caused you or someone else grief? Baseline BORDERLINE_PERSONALITY PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
ADPIV_BDL_DISTR_92 I often experience intense feelings of anger.: Has this characteristic caused you or someone else grief? Baseline BORDERLINE_PERSONALITY PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
ADPIV_BDL_DISTR_94 When I'm very stressed I can lose conscious control or become very suspiscious.: Has this characteristic caused you or someone else grief? Baseline BORDERLINE_PERSONALITY PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
ADPIV_BDL_TRAIT_17 My relations are intense and unsteady. My feelings about others change rapidly and greatly.: To what extent do you agree with this statement? Baseline BORDERLINE_PERSONALITY PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
ADPIV_BDL_TRAIT_29 I am always insecure about who or what I am and about what's important in life. My sense of self and opinions change all the time.: To what extent do you agree with this statement? Baseline BORDERLINE_PERSONALITY PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
ADPIV_BDL_TRAIT_41 I am very impulsive.: To what extent do you agree with this statement? Baseline BORDERLINE_PERSONALITY PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
ADPIV_BDL_TRAIT_5 I can not stand the thought of someone leaving me and would do anything in order to avoid it: To what extent do you agree with this statement? Baseline BORDERLINE_PERSONALITY PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
ADPIV_BDL_TRAIT_53 I have often threatened to end my life or actually tried to end my life.: To what extent do you agree with this statement? Baseline BORDERLINE_PERSONALITY PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
ADPIV_BDL_TRAIT_65 I have hurt myself deliberately on multiple occasions.: To what extent do you agree with this statement? Baseline BORDERLINE_PERSONALITY PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
ADPIV_BDL_TRAIT_77 My mood is very unstable.: To what extent do you agree with this statement? Baseline BORDERLINE_PERSONALITY PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
ADPIV_BDL_TRAIT_87 I often feel empty.: To what extent do you agree with this statement? Baseline BORDERLINE_PERSONALITY PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
ADPIV_BDL_TRAIT_92 I often experience intense feelings of anger.: To what extent do you agree with this statement? Baseline BORDERLINE_PERSONALITY PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
ADPIV_BDL_TRAIT_94 When I'm very stressed I can lose conscious control or become very suspiscious.: To what extent do you agree with this statement? Baseline BORDERLINE_PERSONALITY PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
AFFGRID_RT RT_core affect ESM —
AGE Age Baseline AGE DEMOGRAPHICS —
ANG Right now, I feel angry ESM AFFECT ANGER NEGATIVE_AFFECT —
ANG_RT RT_Angry ESM —
ANX Right now, I feel anxious ESM AFFECT ANXIETY NEGATIVE_AFFECT —
ANX_RT RT_anxious ESM —
CHEER Right now, I feel cheerful ESM AFFECT CHEERFULNESS POSITIVE_AFFECT —
CHEER_RT RT_excited ESM —
CONF_OTHER Right now, I have confidence in someone else ESM SOCIAL —
CONF_OTHER_RT RT_confidence_other ESM —
CONF_SELF Right now, I have confidence in myself ESM SELF SELF_ESTEEM —
CONF_SELF_RT RT_confidence_self ESM —
DEP Right now, I feel depressed ESM AFFECT DEPRESSION NEGATIVE_AFFECT —
DEP_RT RT_depressed ESM —
DEQ_1 I set my personal goals and standards as high as possible. Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
DEQ_10 If I fail to live up to expectations, I feel unworthy. Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
DEQ_11 Many times I feel helpless. Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
DEQ_12 I seldom worry about being criticized for things I have said or done. Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
DEQ_13 There is a considerable difference between how I am now and how I would like to be. Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
DEQ_14 I enjoy sharp competition with others. Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
DEQ_15 I feel I have many responsibilities that I must meet. Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
DEQ_16 There are times when I feel "empty" inside Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
DEQ_17 I tend not to be satisfied with what I have Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
DEQ_18 I don't care whether or not I live up to what other people expect of me Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
DEQ_19 I become frightened when I feel alone Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
DEQ_2 Without support from others who are close to me, I would be helpless. Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
DEQ_20 I would feel like I'd be losing a very important part of myself if I lost a very close friend Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
DEQ_21 People will accept me no matter how many mistakes I have made Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
DEQ_22 I have difficulty breaking off a relationship that is making me unhappy Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
DEQ_23 I often think about the danger of losing someone who is close to me Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
DEQ_24 Other people have high expectations of me Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
DEQ_25 When I am with others, I tend to devalue or "undersell" myself Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
DEQ_26 I am not concerned with how other people respond to me Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
DEQ_27 No matter how close a relationship between two people is, there is always a large amount of uncertainty and conflict Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
DEQ_28 I am very sensitive to others for signs of rejection Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
DEQ_29 It's important for my family that I succeed Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
DEQ_3 I tend to be satisfied with my current plans and goals, rather than striving for higher goals. Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
DEQ_30 Often, I feel I have disappointed others Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
DEQ_31 If someone makes me angry, I let him (her) know how I feel Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
DEQ_32 I constantly try, and very often go out of my way, to please or help people I am close to Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
DEQ_33 I have many inner resources (abilities, strengths) Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
DEQ_34 I find it very difficult to say "no" to the requests of friends Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
DEQ_35 I never really feel secure in a close relationship Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
DEQ_36 The way I feel about myself frequently varies: there are times when I feel extremelly good about myself and other times when I see only the bad in me and feel like a total failure Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
DEQ_37 Often, I feel threatened by change Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
DEQ_38 Even if the person who is closest to me were to leave, I could still "go it alone" Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
DEQ_39 One must continually work to gain love from another person: that is, love has to be earned Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
DEQ_4 Sometimes I feel very big, and other times I feel very small. Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
DEQ_40 I am very sensitive to the effects my words or actions have on the feelings of other people Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
DEQ_41 I often blame myself for the things I have done or said to someone Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
DEQ_42 I am a very independent person Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
DEQ_43 I often feel guilty Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
DEQ_44 I think of myself as a very complex person, one who has "many sides" Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
DEQ_45 I worry a lot about offending or hurting someone who is close to me Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
DEQ_46 Anger frightens me Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
DEQ_47 It is not "who you are" but "what you have accomplished" that counts Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
DEQ_48 I feel good about myself whehter I succeed or fail Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
DEQ_49 I can easily put my own feelings and problems aside, and devote my complete attention to the feelings and problems of someone else Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
DEQ_5 When I am closely involved with someone, I never feel jealous. Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
DEQ_50 If someone I cared about became angry with me, I would feel threatened that he (she) might leave me Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
DEQ_51 I feel uncomfortable when I am given important responsibilities Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
DEQ_52 After a fight with a friend, I must make amends as soon as possible Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
DEQ_53 I have a difficult time accepting weaknesses in myself Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
DEQ_54 It is more important that I enjoy my work than it is for me to have my work approved Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
DEQ_55 After an argument, I feel very lonely Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
DEQ_56 In my relationships with others, I am very concerned about what they can give to me Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
DEQ_57 I rarely think about my family Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
DEQ_58 Very frequently, my feelings toward someone close to me vary: there are times when I feel completely angry and other times when I feel all-loving towards that person Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
DEQ_59 What I do and say has a very strong impact on those around me Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
DEQ_6 I urgently need things that only other people can provide. Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
DEQ_60 I sometimes feel that I am "special" Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
DEQ_61 I grew up in an extremely close family Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
DEQ_62 I am very satisfied wiht myself and my accomplishments Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
DEQ_63 I want many things from someone I am close to Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
DEQ_64 I tend to be very critical of myself Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
DEQ_65 Being along doesn't bother me at all Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
DEQ_66 I very frequently compare myself to standards or goals Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
DEQ_7 I often find that I don't live up to my own standards or ideals. Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
DEQ_8 I feel I am always making full use of my potential abilities. Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
DEQ_9 The lack of permanence in human relationships doesn't bother me. Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
DISAP_OTHER Right now, I am disappointed in someone else ESM DISAPPOINTMENT SOCIAL —
DISAP_OTHER_RT RT_disappointed_other ESM —
DISAP_SELF Right now, I am disappointed in myself ESM DISAPPOINTMENT SELF —
DISAP_SELF_RT RT_disappointed_self ESM —
EDU HIghest level of education Baseline DEMOGRAPHICS EDUCATION —
EMOCOPE Think about what is determining your feelings now: to what extent do you think you can deal with it emotionally? ESM APPRAISAL COPING_POTENTIAL —
EMOCOPE_RT RT_cope_emotionally ESM —
ERQ_1 When I want to feel more positive emotion (such as joy or amusement), I change what I’m thinking about. Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION REAPPRAISAL STRATEGY —
ERQ_10 When I want to feel a less negative emotion, I change the way I’m thinking about the situation. Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION REAPPRAISAL STRATEGY —
ERQ_2 I keep my emotions to myself. Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION EXPRESSIVE_SUPPRESSION STRATEGY —
ERQ_3 When I want to feel a less negative emotion (such as sadness or anger), I change what I’m thinking about. Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION REAPPRAISAL STRATEGY —
ERQ_4 When I am feeling positive emotions, I am careful not to express them. Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION EXPRESSIVE_SUPPRESSION STRATEGY —
ERQ_5 When I’m faced with a stressful situation, I make myself think about it, in a way that helps me stay calm. Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION REAPPRAISAL STRATEGY —
ERQ_6 I control my emotions by not expressing them. Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION EXPRESSIVE_SUPPRESSION STRATEGY —
ERQ_7 When I want to feel more positive emotion, I change the way I’m thinking about the situation. Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION REAPPRAISAL STRATEGY —
ERQ_8 I control my emotions by changing the way I think about the situation I’m in. Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION REAPPRAISAL STRATEGY —
ERQ_9 When I am feeling negative emotions, I make sure not to express them. Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION EXPRESSIVE_SUPPRESSION STRATEGY —
GENDER Gender Baseline DEMOGRAPHICS GENDER —
GRID_AROUSAL Arousal: computed from the affect grid ESM AFFECT AROUSAL —
GRID_VALENCE Valence: computed from the affect grid ESM AFFECT VALENCE —
IMPORT Think about what is determining your feelings now: to what extent is this important to you? ESM APPRAISAL IMPORTANCE —
IMPORT_RT RT_feeling_important ESM —
MED_1 Number antipsychotics Baseline MEDICATION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY —
MED_2 Number old neuroleptics Baseline MEDICATION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY —
MED_3 Number antidepressants Baseline MEDICATION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY —
MED_4 Numbe benzodiazepines Baseline MEDICATION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY —
MED_5 Number lithum Baseline MEDICATION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY —
MED_6 Number mood stabilizers Baseline MEDICATION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY —
MED_7 Number stimulants Baseline MEDICATION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY —
MED_8 Number of other medications Baseline MEDICATION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY —
NATION Nationality Baseline DEMOGRAPHICS NATIONALITY —
PDSQ_1 In the last 2 weeks, have you felt sad or depressed? Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
PDSQ_10 Have you felt tired almost every day for the past 2 weeks? Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
PDSQ_11 In the last 2 weeks, have you often felt guilty about things you had done? Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
PDSQ_12 For the past 2 weeks, have you felt worthless or had negative thoughts about yourself almost every day? Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
PDSQ_13 Have you felt like a failure almost every day for the last 2 weeks? Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
PDSQ_14 Did you have concentration problems almost every day for the past 2 weeks? Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
PDSQ_15 For the past 2 weeks, has making decisions been more difficult than usual almost every day? Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
PDSQ_16 During the last 2 weeks, did you often think about dying in a passive way such as "going to sleep and not waking up"? Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
PDSQ_17 For the past 2 weeks, did you wish you were dead? Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
PDSQ_18 For the past 2 weeks, have you thought you'd be better off dead? Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
PDSQ_19 In the past 2 weeks, did you have thoughts of suicide even though you wouldn't actually do it? Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
PDSQ_2 For the past 2 weeks, have you felt sad or depressed almost every day for most of the day? Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
PDSQ_20 In the past 2 weeks, have you seriously considered committing suicide? Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
PDSQ_21 In the past 2 weeks, have you been thinking about a specific way to commit suicide? Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
PDSQ_3 In the last 2 weeks, did you have less pleasure in almost everything that you normally enjoy? Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
PDSQ_4 During the last 2 weeks, were you less interested in almost all of the activities you are usually interested in? Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
PDSQ_5 Has your appetite been significantly lower than usual almost every day for the past 2 weeks? Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
PDSQ_6 Has your appetite been significantly higher than usual almost every day for the past 2 weeks? Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
PDSQ_7 For the past 2 weeks, have you slept at least 1 or 2 hours less than usual almost every day? Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
PDSQ_8 For the past 2 weeks, did you sleep at least 1 or 2 hours more than usual almost every day? Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
PDSQ_9 For the past 2 weeks, have you felt irritable and restless almost every day, and had a lot of difficulty sitting quietly in a chair? Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
RACE Ethnic group Baseline DEMOGRAPHICS ETHNICITY —
REFL Since the last beep, I have been able to think calmly about my problems ESM EMOTION_REGULATION REFLECTION STRATEGY —
REFL_RT RT_reflection ESM —
RELAT Marital Status Baseline DEMOGRAPHICS RELATIONSHIP —
RLX Right now, I feel relaxed ESM AFFECT POSITIVE_AFFECT RELAXATION —
RLX_RT RT_relaxed ESM —
RPA_1 I think: "I can do anything". Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION POSITIVE_AFFECT STRATEGY —
RPA_10 I notice I am full of energy Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION POSITIVE_AFFECT STRATEGY —
RPA_11 I think: "I can make everything work" Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION POSITIVE_AFFECT STRATEGY —
RPA_12 I think I am ready to begin Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION POSITIVE_AFFECT STRATEGY —
RPA_13 I think my luck will soon run out Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION RUMINATION STRATEGY —
RPA_14 I think about how hard it is to keep focus Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION RUMINATION STRATEGY —
RPA_15 I think about how happy I'm feeling Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION POSITIVE_AFFECT STRATEGY —
RPA_16 I think of things that could go wrong Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION RUMINATION STRATEGY —
RPA_17 I think: "I don't deserve this" Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION RUMINATION STRATEGY —
RPA_2 I think about how proud I am with myself. Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION POSITIVE_AFFECT STRATEGY —
RPA_3 I think: "people will think I'm arrogant" Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION RUMINATION STRATEGY —
RPA_4 I think: "this is too good to be true" Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION RUMINATION STRATEGY —
RPA_5 I think about how strong I feel Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION POSITIVE_AFFECT STRATEGY —
RPA_6 I enjoy the moment Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION POSITIVE_AFFECT STRATEGY —
RPA_7 I think: "I do everything I can" Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION POSITIVE_AFFECT STRATEGY —
RPA_8 I think about things that went wrong for me Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION RUMINATION STRATEGY —
RPA_9 I remind myself that these feelings won't last long Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION RUMINATION STRATEGY —
RRQ_1 My attention is often focused on aspects [parts] of myself I wish I’d stop thinking about. Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION RUMINATION STRATEGY —
RRQ_10 It is easy for me to put unwanted thoughts out of my mind. (-) Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION RUMINATION STRATEGY —
RRQ_11 I often reflect on episodes [times] of my life that I should no longer concern myself with. Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION RUMINATION STRATEGY —
RRQ_12 I spend a great deal of time thinking back over y embarrassing or disappointing moments. Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION RUMINATION STRATEGY —
RRQ_13 Philosophical or abstract thinking doesn’t appeal to me that much. (-) Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION REFLECTION STRATEGY —
RRQ_14 I’m not really a meditative type of person. (-) Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION REFLECTION STRATEGY —
RRQ_15 I love exploring my “inner” self. Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION REFLECTION STRATEGY —
RRQ_16 My attitudes and feelings about things fascinate me. Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION REFLECTION STRATEGY —
RRQ_17 I don’t really care for introspective or self-reflective thinking. (-) Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION REFLECTION STRATEGY —
RRQ_18 I love analyzing why I do things. Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION REFLECTION STRATEGY —
RRQ_19 People often say I’m a “deep”, introspective type of person. Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION REFLECTION STRATEGY —
RRQ_2 I always seem to be rehashing [going over] in my mind recent things I’ve said or done. Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION RUMINATION STRATEGY —
RRQ_20 I don’t care much for self-analysis. (-) Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION REFLECTION STRATEGY —
RRQ_21 I’m very self-inquisitive by nature. Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION REFLECTION STRATEGY —
RRQ_22 I love to meditate on the nature and meaning of things. Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION REFLECTION STRATEGY —
RRQ_23 I often love to look at my life in philosophical ways. Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION REFLECTION STRATEGY —
RRQ_24 Contemplating myself isn’t my idea of fun. (-) Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION REFLECTION STRATEGY —
RRQ_3 Sometimes it is hard for me to shut off thoughts about myself. Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION RUMINATION STRATEGY —
RRQ_4 Long after an argument or disagreement [fight] is over with, my thoughts keep going back to what happened. Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION RUMINATION STRATEGY —
RRQ_5 I tend to “ruminate” or dwell over things that happen to me for a really long time afterward. Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION RUMINATION STRATEGY —
RRQ_6 I don’t waste time rethinking things that are over and done with. (-) Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION RUMINATION STRATEGY —
RRQ_7 Often I’m playing back over in my mind how I acted in a past situation. Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION RUMINATION STRATEGY —
RRQ_8 I often find myself reevaluating something I’ve done. Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION RUMINATION STRATEGY —
RRQ_9 I never ruminate or dwell on myself very long. (-) Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION RUMINATION STRATEGY —
RSE_1 Generally, I am happy with myself. Baseline SELF SELF_ESTEEM —
RSE_10 I have a positive attitude toward myself. Baseline SELF SELF_ESTEEM —
RSE_2 Sometimes I don't think I'm good for anything. Baseline SELF SELF_ESTEEM —
RSE_3 I feel I have a number of good qualities. Baseline SELF SELF_ESTEEM —
RSE_4 I can do things as well as most other people. Baseline SELF SELF_ESTEEM —
RSE_5 I feel I don't have much to be proud of. Baseline SELF SELF_ESTEEM —
RSE_6 Sometimes I fele useless. Baseline SELF SELF_ESTEEM —
RSE_7 I feel I am a worthy person, at least as worthy as others. Baseline SELF SELF_ESTEEM —
RSE_8 I wish I could have more selfrespect. Baseline SELF SELF_ESTEEM —
RSE_9 Generally, I feel like a failure. Baseline SELF SELF_ESTEEM —
RUM Since the last beep, I have been ruminating ESM EMOTION_REGULATION RUMINATION STRATEGY —
RUM_RT RT_rumination ESM —
SELFH Since the last beep, have you engaged in self-harm? ESM PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SELF_HARM SYMPTOMS —
SELFH_RT RT_self-harm ESM —
SELFH_URGE Since the last beep, have you felt the urge to self-harm? ESM PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SELF_HARM SYMPTOMS —
SELFH_URGE_RT RT_self-harm_urge ESM —
STR Right now, I feel stressed ESM AFFECT NEGATIVE_AFFECT STRESS —
STR_RT RT_stressed ESM —
TIPI_1 Extraverted, enthusiastic. Baseline EXTRAVERSION PERSONALITY —
TIPI_10 Conventional, uncreative. Baseline OPENNESS PERSONALITY —
TIPI_2 Critical, quarrelsome. Baseline AGREEABLENESS PERSONALITY —
TIPI_3 Dependable, self-disciplined. Baseline CONSCIENTIOUSNESS PERSONALITY —
TIPI_4 Anxious, easily upset. Baseline NEUROTICISM PERSONALITY —
TIPI_5 Open to new experiences, complex. Baseline OPENNESS PERSONALITY —
TIPI_6 Reserved, quiet. Baseline EXTRAVERSION PERSONALITY —
TIPI_7 Sympathetic, warm. Baseline AGREEABLENESS PERSONALITY —
TIPI_8 Disorganized, careless. Baseline CONSCIENTIOUSNESS PERSONALITY —
TIPI_9 Calm, emotionally stable. Baseline NEUROTICISM PERSONALITY —
VALENCE Think about what is determining your feelings now: to what extent is this positive or negative for you? ESM APPRAISAL VALENCE —
VALENCE_RT RT_Valence ESM —

Publications

Main Publication

Emotional switching in borderline personality disorder: A daily life study.

Title:
Emotional switching in borderline personality disorder: A daily life study.
Authors:
Houben, M., Vansteelandt, K, Claes, L., Sienaert, P. , Berens, A., Sleuwaegen, E., Kuppens, P.
Year of publication:
2016
Publication name:
Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment
Volume number:
7
Issue number:
1
Page numbers:
50-60
DOI or URL:
https://doi.org/10.1037/per0000126

Additional publications

  • Dejonckheere, E., Mestdagh, M., Houben, M., Rutten, I., Sels, L., Kuppens, P., & Tuerlinckx, F. (2019). Complex affect dynamics add limited information to the prediction of psychological well-being. Nature Human Behaviour, 3(5), 478–491. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-019-0555-0
  • Houben, M., Claes, L., Vansteelandt, K., Berens, A., Sleuwaegen, E., & Kuppens, P. (2017). The emotion regulation function of nonsuicidal self-injury: A momentary assessment study in inpatients with borderline personality disorder features. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 126(1), 89–95. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000229
  • Cui, J., Hasselman, F., & Lichtwarck-Aschoff, A. (2023). Unlocking nonlinear dynamics and multistability from intensive longitudinal data: A novel method. Psychological Methods. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000623
  • Pihlajamäki, M., Eisele, G., Peeters, L., Kirtley, O. J., Myin-Germeys, I., Lafit, G. (2025) An investigation of the temporal dynamics of careless responding across different populations in experience sampling data. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/6nrvp_v1