Patients with Major Depressive Disorder, or Borderline Personality Disorder, or healthy controls completed experience sampling surveys 10 days per day for 7 days.
ESM measurement waves:
1
Ethics granting body:
KU Leuven Social and Societal Ethics Committee & KU Leuven Medical Ethics Committee
Ethics protocol number:
S58526 & B322201627414
Year/s data was collected:
2015-2018
Location of participants (Countries):
Belgium
Background information:
A clinically trained researcher interviewed the patient using the Dutch version of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM axis-IV Axis I disorders (SCID-I) and the Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) subscale of the DSM axis-II disorders (SCID-II). Patients were included if they met the criteria for one of the mood disorders, and excluded if they were acutely psychotic; acutely manic; addicted; or diagnosed with a (neuro-)cognitive disorder. Healthy controls were matched on gender and age.
Languages:
Dutch
Setting:
IP
Collection platform:
mobileQ
Preregistration URL:
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Days of ESM data collection:
7
Number of ESM measures per day:
10
Sampling schedule:
signal-contingent
ESM schedule start time:
9:30
ESM schedule end time:
21:30
ESM schedule duration:
12
Sample details
Type of sample:
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Recruitment information:
Clinicians screned for patients in a Belgian hospital, Healthy controls were recruited via social media, flyers, and the experiment management system at KU Leuven.
Incentives:
35 euros for compliance over 75% and 5 euros less for every 10% lower.
Exclusions:
3 quit during baseline; 2 had equipment malfunction; 20 diagnosed with BPD but not MDD; 5 had past manic episodes; 6 not diagnosed with anhedonia; 1 healthy control met the criteria for having a current psychiatric disorder
It is typical for me to do things without first thinking or considering possible consequences: for example, I can decide at the moment to change my job, place of residence or partner.: Has this characteristic already suffered or hurt you or others? causing trouble?
I repeatedly violate social norms, rules and laws and have regularly done things that could have caused me to be arrested (for example, destroying property, fighting).: Has this characteristic already caused you or others harm or trouble?
I am easily irritated and then very aggressive: I have fought repeatedly and beat or mistreated others.: Has this characteristic already caused you or others suffering or trouble?
It is typical for me to take risks or do things that endanger my own or others' physical safety.: Has this trait already caused you or others distress or trouble?
It is typical for me not to fulfill my responsibilities and obligations (financially, in my profession, in taking care of my family, …).: Has this characteristic already caused you or others suffering or trouble?
I experience little or no feelings of guilt or remorse when I have done something wrong.: Has this trait already caused you or others distress or trouble?
Before I was 15 years old I was a real problem kid doing things like being aggressive towards other people or animals, setting fire to or destroying things, running away from home, lying, stealing and breaking the rules.: Has this trait has already caused you or others suffering or trouble?
It is typical for me to do things without first thinking or considering possible consequences: for example, I can decide at the moment to change work, place of residence or partner.: To what extent do you agree with these statement about yourself?
I repeatedly violate social norms, rules and laws and have regularly done things that could have led to arrest (for example, destroying property, fighting).: To what extent do you agree with this statement about yourself?
I am easily irritated and then very aggressive: I have repeatedly fought and beat or abused others.: To what extent do you agree with this statement about yourself?
It is typical for me to take risks or do things that endanger my own or others' physical safety.: To what extent do you agree with this statement about yourself?
It is typical for me not to fulfill my responsibilities and obligations (financially, in my profession, in taking care of my family, …).: To what extent do you agree with this statement about yourself?
I experience little or no feelings of guilt or remorse when I have done something wrong.: To what extent do you agree with this statement about yourself?
Before I was 15 years old, I was a real problem kid doing things like being aggressive towards other people or animals, setting fire to or destroying things, running away from home, lying, stealing and breaking the rules over and over again.: To what extent do you agree with this statement about yourself?
I avoid contact with other people unless I am sure that they will like me and accept me without criticism.: Has this quality already caused you or others pain or trouble?
In most cases, I passively wait and let others take the initiative and also take responsibility.: Has this quality already caused you or others distress or trouble?
I find it very difficult to openly disagree with others: even when I completely disagree with someone, I dare not express it and I will agree.: Has this characteristic already caused you or others suffering or trouble?
I am very shy and vulnerable in social situations because I am constantly afraid of being criticized or rejected.: Has this characteristic already caused you or others suffering or trouble?
I find it difficult to start or carry out something on my own: because of my lack of self-confidence I always think I need help.: Has this characteristic already caused you or others suffering or trouble?
It is typical for me to take risks or do things that endanger my own or others' physical safety.: Has this trait already caused you or others distress or trouble?
To secure the support and care of others, I often do unpleasant or humiliating things of my own accord.: Has this quality already caused you or others distress or trouble?
In social contacts with other people I feel I am not skilled, not very attractive and inferior.: Has this characteristic already caused you or others suffering or trouble?
It is typical for me to feel uncomfortable or helpless whenever I am alone, because I fear that I will not be able to care for myself.: Has this characteristic already caused you or others distress or trouble?
For fear of negative criticism, I avoid activities that involve a lot of contact with others at work or at school.: Has this characteristic already caused you or others suffering or trouble?
I avoid new situations or activities as much as possible to avoid the worry and burden they bring.: Has this quality already caused you or others distress or trouble?
When a relationship ends, I try to find someone else who can take care of me and support me as soon as possible.: Has this trait already caused you or others pain or trouble?
I always have a hard time making ordinary everyday decisions without undue advice and reassurance from others.: Has this quality already caused you or others distress or trouble?
It is typical for me to be preoccupied with my fear of being abandoned and left alone.: Has this quality already caused you or others distress or trouble?
I avoid contact with other people unless I am sure that they will like me and accept me without criticism.: To what extent do you agree with this statement about yourself?
In most cases I wait passively and let others take the initiative and also responsibility..: To what extent do you agree with this statement about yourself?
I find it very difficult to openly disagree with others: even when I completely disagree with someone, I dare not express it and I will agree..: To what extent do you agree with this statement about yourself ?
I am very shy and vulnerable in social situations because I am constantly afraid of being criticized or rejected.: To what extent do you agree with this statement about yourself?
I find it difficult to start or carry out something inTRAITendently: because of my lack of self-confidence I always think I need help..: To what extent do you agree with this statement about yourself?
It is typical for me to take risks or do things that endanger my own or others' physical safety.: To what extent do you agree with this statement about yourself?
To ensure the support and care of others, I often do unpleasant or humiliating things of my own accord..: To what extent do you agree with this statement about yourself?
In social contacts with other people I feel I am not skilled, not very attractive and inferior.: To what extent do you agree with this statement about yourself?
It is typical for me to feel uncomfortable or helpless whenever I am alone: I fear that I will not be able to take care of myself..: To what extent do you agree with this statement about yourself ?
For fear of negative criticism, I avoid activities at work or school that involve a lot of contact with others.: To what extent do you agree with this statement about yourself?
I avoid new situations or activities as much as possible to avoid the worry and burden they bring.: To what extent do you agree with this statement about yourself?
When a relationship ends, I try to find someone else as soon as possible who can take care of me and support me..: To what extent do you agree with this statement about yourself?
I always have a hard time making ordinary everyday decisions without undue advice and reassurance from others..: How much do you agree with this statement about yourself?
It is typical for me to be preoccupied with my fear of being abandoned and left alone..: To what extent do you agree with this statement about yourself?
My relationships with others are very intense but on the other hand not very steadfast. It is typical that my feelings for other people change quickly and strongly: one moment I can love or admire someone very much and the next moment hate or be deeply disappointed with that same person..: Has this characteristic already suffered or hurt you or others? causing trouble?
I am always extremely insecure about who or what I am and about what is important in life: as a result, my self-image and my views about others, the world and the future are constantly changing..: Does this characteristic already hurt or bother you or others? harmed?
I am a very impulsive person: I can do things suddenly and thoughtlessly that can actually get me into trouble. For example, I have done various things such as: spending a lot of money in an irresponsible way; unsafe and rash sexual behavior; abuse alcohol, medication or drugs; gamble; behave recklessly in traffic; overeating..: Has this characteristic already caused you or others suffering or trouble?
I absolutely cannot bear the thought of someone leaving or forsaking me: I would do almost anything for this not to happen..: Has this quality already caused you or others suffering or trouble?
My mood or mood is very unstable and erratic: one moment I can be normal, then the next moment I feel extremely depressed, angry, irritable or anxious..: Has this characteristic already caused you or others pain or trouble?
Intense feelings of anger are inherent in my person: often I get so angry or furious for the slightest that I almost lose control of myself..: Has this characteristic already caused you or others pain or trouble?
When I am under severe stress, it happens that I lose conscious control of myself or become very suspicious..: Has this characteristic already caused you or others suffering or trouble?
My relationships with others are very intense but on the other hand not very steadfast. It is typical for my feelings for other people to change quickly and strongly: one moment I may love or admire someone very much and the next moment hate or be deeply disappointed with that same person.: To what extent do you agree with this statement? about yourself?
I am always extremely insecure about who or what I am and about what is important in life: as a result, my self-image and my views about others, the world and the future are constantly changing.: To what extent do you agree with this statement about yourself?
I am a very impulsive person: I can do things suddenly and thoughtlessly that can actually get me into trouble. For example, I have done various things such as: spending a lot of money in an irresponsible way; unsafe and rash sexual behavior; abuse alcohol, medication or drugs; gamble; behave recklessly in traffic; overeating.: To what extent do you agree with this statement about yourself?
I absolutely cannot bear the thought of someone leaving or forsaking me: I would do almost anything for this to happen.: To what extent do you agree with this statement about yourself?
My mood or mood is very unstable and erratic: one moment I can be normal, then the next moment I feel extremely depressed, angry, irritable or anxious.: To what extent do you agree with this statement about yourself?
Intense feelings of anger are inherent in my person: I often get so angry or furious for the slightest thing that I almost lose control of myself.: To what extent do you agree with this statement about yourself?
When I am under severe stress, it happens that I lose conscious control of myself or become very suspicious.: To what extent do you agree with this statement about yourself?
It is typical for me to try to win others over in a sexually seductive or provocative way.: Has this quality already caused you or others harm or trouble?
It is typical for me to make emotional statements that I cannot specify or substantiate with examples.: Has this characteristic already caused you or others pain or trouble?
I feel uncomfortable or disappointed when I'm not the center of attention, and I try to do everything possible to get attention.: Has this trait already caused you or others distress or trouble?
I am often carried away by my feelings: others doubt their authenticity because I often bring them out so strongly, intensely and dramatically.: Has this quality already caused you or others pain or trouble?
I am very impressionable: my feelings and thoughts are much too strongly influenced by others or by circumstances.: Has this characteristic already caused you or others suffering or trouble?
It is typical for me to try to win others over in a sexually seductive or provocative way.: To what extent do you agree with this statement about yourself?
It is typical for me to make emotional statements that I cannot specify or substantiate with examples.: To what extent do you agree with this statement about yourself?
I feel uncomfortable or disappreciated when I'm not the center of attention, and I try to do everything possible to get attention.: To what extent do you agree with this statement about yourself?
I often get carried away by my feelings: others doubt their authenticity because I often bring them out so strongly, intensely and dramatically.: To what extent do you agree with this statement about yourself?
I am very impressionable: my feelings and thoughts are much too strongly influenced by others or by circumstances.: To what extent do you agree with this statement about yourself?
I am very often preoccupied with dream images in which I am very successful, powerful, brilliant, beautiful or loved.: Has this quality already caused you or others suffering or trouble?
Since I am unique and very special, only special people can understand me: I only want to deal with top people.: Has this quality already caused you or others suffering or trouble?
I am convinced that I am someone who can claim priority and preferential treatment.: Has this characteristic already caused you or others suffering or trouble?
To my surprise, others think I have high self-esteem when in fact I have superior talents and extraordinary achievements.: Has this quality already caused you or others pain or trouble?
I find it difficult to understand or show an interest in the feelings and needs of others.: Has this characteristic already caused you or others suffering or trouble?
On the one hand, most others are jealous of my talent and success; on the other hand, it is unjust that some are undeservedly better off than myself.: Has this quality already caused you or others suffering or trouble?
Very often I am preoccupied with dream images in which I am very successful, powerful, brilliant, beautiful or loved.: To what extent do you agree with this statement about yourself?
Since I am unique and very special, only special people can understand me: I only want to deal with top people.: To what extent do you agree with this statement about yourself?
To my surprise, others think I have high self-esteem when in fact I have superior talents and extraordinary achievements.: To what extent do you agree with this statement about yourself?
I find it difficult to understand or show an interest in the feelings and needs of others.: To what extent do you agree with this statement about yourself?
On the one hand, most others are jealous of my talent and success; on the other hand, it is unjust that some have it undeservedly better than myself.: To what extent do you agree with this statement about yourself?
I have never had a positive image of myself: I consider myself an inadequate, worthless person and have a tendency to look down on myself.: Has this characteristic already caused you or others suffering or trouble?
I always have a negative opinion of myself: again and again I look at myself very critically, disapprovingly and contemptuously.: Has this characteristic already caused you or others suffering or trouble?
I have never had a positive image of myself: I consider myself an inadequate, worthless person and tend to look down on myself.: To what extent do you agree with this statement about yourself?
I always have a negative opinion of myself: again and again I look at myself very critically, with disapproval and contempt.: To what extent do you agree with this statement about yourself?
I refuse to answer to what is expected of me: I have always resisted such obligations in an indirect and passive way.: Has this quality already caused you or others pain or trouble?
Again and again I complain that people do not understand me and that people do not want to appreciate me as a person.: Has this characteristic already caused you or others suffering or trouble?
My typical attitude toward others alternates between open hostility and repentant promises to get well.: Has this quality already caused you or others distress or trouble?
I refuse to answer to what is expected of me: I have always resisted such obligations in an indirect and passive way.: To what extent do you agree with this statement about yourself?
Again and again I complain that people do not understand me and that people do not want to appreciate me as a person.: To what extent do you agree with this statement about yourself?
My typical attitude toward others alternates between open hostility and repentant promises to get well.: How much do you agree with this statement about yourself?
In order to make myself feel like I'm in control of the situation, I'm always preoccupied with details or orderliness or with repeated checking, planning or scheduling. As a result, I generally lose a lot of time and the really important things are not sufficiently discussed.: Has this characteristic already caused you or others suffering or trouble?
It is typical for me to have a hard time completing activities because I demand of myself that everything I do must approach complete perfection.: Has this quality already caused you or others pain or trouble?
Tasks, work, and obligations keep occupying me so much that there is no time left for friends or for leisure activities.: Has this trait already caused you or others distress or trouble?
Compared to most people, I am extremely conscientious, conscientious, and extremely unyielding when it comes to principles, rules, or moral values.: Has this quality already caused you or others harm or trouble?
I can't throw away worn-out or worthless things, even if they have no emotional value to me.: Has this quality already caused you or others pain or trouble?
I really dislike delegating tasks or collaborating with others: I can't stand people not strictly adhering to my way of working.: Has this characteristic already caused you or others pain or trouble?
Spending money is difficult for me: money needs to be saved in order to face possible disasters.: Has this characteristic already caused you or others suffering or trouble?
It is typical of me that I have a hard time adapting to change: I usually stubbornly cling to my familiar ways of acting and thinking.: Has this characteristic already caused you or others suffering or trouble?
In order to make myself feel like I'm in control of the situation, I'm always preoccupied with details or orderliness or with repeated checking, planning or scheduling. As a result, I generally lose a lot of time and the really important things are not covered enough.: To what extent do you agree with this statement about yourself?
It is typical for me to have a hard time completing activities because I demand that everything I do must approach complete perfection.: To what extent do you agree with this statement about yourself?
Tasks, work, and obligations keep taking up so much of my time that I don't have time for friends or leisure activities.: How much do you agree with this statement about yourself?
Compared to most people, I am extremely conscientious, conscientious and unyielding when it comes to principles, rules, or moral values.: How much do you agree with this statement about yourself?
I cannot throw away worn-out or worthless things, even if they have no emotional value to me.: How much do you agree with this statement about yourself?
I really hate delegating tasks or collaborating with others: I can't stand people not strictly adhering to my way of working.: How much do you agree with this statement about yourself?
Spending money is difficult for me: money needs to be saved to face possible disasters.: To what extent do you agree with this statement about yourself?
It is typical of me that I have a hard time adapting to change: most of the time I stubbornly cling to my familiar ways of doing and thinking.: To what extent do you agree with this statement about yourself?
Again and again I ask myself: Are my friends or colleagues loyal and trustworthy or do they actually have hostile intentions?: Has this quality already caused you or others pain or trouble?
I rarely confide in others: after all, it is typical for them to use confidential information maliciously against me.: Has this quality already caused you or others harm or trouble?
Other people very often do or say apparently friendly things, but in fact want to humiliate or threaten me with them.: Has this quality already caused you or others pain or trouble?
I have deep-seated feelings of resentment; I will never forgive others for insulting, belittling, or hurting me again and again.: Has this quality already caused you or others distress or trouble?
It is typical of me that I quickly get angry or counterattack because I think my reputation is being damaged..: Has this quality already caused you or others distress or trouble?
I keep asking myself: Are my friends or colleagues loyal and trustworthy or do they actually have hostile intentions?: To what extent do you agree with this statement about yourself?
I rarely confide in others: after all, it is typical for them to maliciously use confidential information against me.: To what extent do you agree with this statement about yourself?
Other people often do or say apparently kind things, but in fact want to humiliate or threaten me with them.: To what extent do you agree with this statement about yourself?
I have deep-seated feelings of resentment; I will never forgive others for insulting, belittling, or hurting me over and over.: How much do you agree with this statement about yourself?
It is typical of me that I quickly get angry or counterattack because I think my reputation is being damaged.: How much do you agree with this statement about yourself?
I firmly believe in supernatural things such as magic, psychic perception, astrology, clairvoyance or telepathy: Has this quality already caused you or others suffering or trouble?
Sometimes I perceive things that are bizarre or unimaginable to others (for example, feeling forces or persons that are actually not present).: Has this characteristic already caused you or others suffering or trouble?
My way of speaking and thinking is different from most other people, who often don't seem to understand me.: Has this quality already caused you or others pain or trouble?
I am very suspicious of others: in general they have no good intentions for me.: Has this characteristic already caused you or others suffering or trouble?
It is typical that my emotional contacts with others are disturbed: for example, others think that I convey my feelings in an inappropriate, strange or bizarre way.: Has this characteristic already caused you or others pain or trouble?
It is typical that my contacts with others are disturbed: for example, others find my behavior or appearance strange, eccentric or eccentric.: Has this characteristic already caused you or others suffering or trouble?
I firmly believe in supernatural things like magic, psychic perception, astrology, clairvoyance or telepathy: How much do you agree with this statement about yourself?
Sometimes I perceive things that are bizarre or unimaginable to others (for example, feeling forces or persons that are actually not present).: To what extent do you agree with this statement about yourself?
My way of speaking and thinking is different from most other people, who often don't seem to understand me.: To what extent do you agree with this statement about yourself?
It is typical for my emotional contacts with others to be disturbed: for example, others think that I convey my feelings in an inappropriate, weird or bizarre way.: To what extent do you agree with this statement about yourself?
It is typical that my contacts with others are disturbed: for example, others find my behavior or appearance strange, eccentric or eccentric.: To what extent do you agree with this statement about yourself?
It is typical for me not to be interested in sexual experiences with another person.: Has this characteristic already caused you or others distress or trouble?
It leaves me completely indifferent what others think of me: their sluggishness or criticism also leaves me cold.: Has this characteristic already caused you or others suffering or trouble?
I am someone who feels little or no emotions: for example, I do not experience intense joy or anger.: Has this characteristic already caused you or others suffering or trouble?
I don't care what others think of me: their sluggishness or criticism also leaves me cold.: To what extent do you agree with this statement about yourself?
I am someone who feels little or no emotions: for example, I do not experience intense joy or anger.: To what extent do you agree with this statement about yourself?
If you were to judge your current well-being using a number between 0 and 100, where 0 is extremely bad and 100 is extremely good, what number would this be?
Dejonckheere, E., Mestdagh, M., Houben, M., Rutten, I., Sels, L., Kuppens, P., & Tuerlinckx, F. (2019). Complex affect dynamics add limited information to the prediction of psychological well-being. Nature Human Behaviour, 3(5), 478–491. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-019-0555-0
Failenschmid, J. I., Vogelsmeier, L. V. D. E., Mulder, J., & Jongerling, J. (n.d.). Modelling non-linear psychological processes: Reviewing and evaluating non-parametric approaches and their applicability to intensive longitudinal data. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1111/bmsp.12397'