Exam results study

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Citation article

Title:
Differentiate to regulate: Low negative emotion differentiation is associated with ineffective use but not selection of emotion-regulation strategies.
Authors:
Kalokerinos, E. K. , Erbas, Y., Ceulemans, E., Kuppens, P.
Year of publication:
2019
Publication name:
Psychological Science
Volume number:
30
Issue number:
6
Page numbers:
863-879
DOI or URL:
https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797619838763
Publication type:
---

Study details

Baseline session:
Yes
Followup session:
Yes
Study design:
This study coincided with first year psychology students receiving their first semester exam grades, and the ESM portion of the study was collected for 2 days before and 7 days after the grades were received.
ESM measurement waves:
1
Ethics granting body:
KU Leuven Social and Societal Ethics Committee
Ethics protocol number:
G-2016 02 487
Location of participants (Countries):
Belgium
Background information:
Baseline was conducted the day before ESM started, follow-up was approx. 6 months after ESM finished.
Languages:
Dutch
Setting:
IP
Collection platform:
mobileQ
Days of ESM data collection:
9
Number of ESM measures per day:
10
Sampling schedule:
signal-contingent
ESM schedule start time:
10:00
ESM schedule end time:
22:00
ESM schedule duration:
12

Sample details

Type of sample:
Undergraduate students
Recruitment information:
Participants were recruited from a student research participation scheme.
Incentives:
Participants received 50 euros for completing at least 80% of the ESM, and 5 euros less for every 10% drop in compliance. Participants also received a personalised report of their data.
Exclusions:
None
Number of participants:
101

Contact info

Contact:
Elise Kalokerinos
Contact email:
elise.kalokerinos@unimelb.edu.au
Selection Variable Info Assessment type Constructs
BFI_14 ... can be tense Baseline NEUROTICISM PERSONALITY
BFI_9 ... is relaxed, handles stress well Baseline NEUROTICISM PERSONALITY
BFI_15 ... is ingenious, a deep thinker Baseline OPENNESS PERSONALITY
BFI_16 ... generates a lot of enthusiasm Baseline EXTRAVERSION PERSONALITY
BFI_10 ... is curious about many different things Baseline OPENNESS PERSONALITY
BFI_11 ... is full of energy Baseline EXTRAVERSION PERSONALITY
GUIL Guilty Baseline AFFECT GUILT NEGATIVE_AFFECT
BFI_12 ... starts quarrels with others Baseline AGREEABLENESS PERSONALITY
SHAM Ashamed Baseline AFFECT NEGATIVE_AFFECT SHAME
IRR Irritated Baseline AFFECT IRRITATION NEGATIVE_AFFECT
STR Stressed Baseline AFFECT NEGATIVE_AFFECT STRESS
BFI_13 ... is a reliable worker Baseline CONSCIENTIOUSNESS PERSONALITY
POSAFF Please indicate how positive you are feeling right now. ESM AFFECT POSITIVE_AFFECT
SAD When you think about your grades right now, how sad are you feeling? ESM AFFECT NEGATIVE_AFFECT SADNESS
ANG When you think about your grades right now, how angry are you feeling? ESM AFFECT ANGER NEGATIVE_AFFECT
DISAP When you think about your grades right now, how disappointed are you feeling? ESM AFFECT DISAPPOINTMENT NEGATIVE_AFFECT
SHAM When you think about your grades right now, how ashamed are you feeling? ESM AFFECT NEGATIVE_AFFECT SHAME
ANX When you think about your grades right now, how anxious are you feeling? ESM AFFECT ANXIETY NEGATIVE_AFFECT
STR When thinking about your grades right now, how stressed are you feeling? ESM AFFECT NEGATIVE_AFFECT STRESS
PROUD When you think about your grades right now, how proud are you feeling? ESM AFFECT POSITIVE_AFFECT PRIDE
HAP When you think about your grades right now, how happy are you feeling? ESM AFFECT HAPPINESS POSITIVE_AFFECT
CONT When you think about your grades right now, how content are you feeling? ESM AFFECT CONTENTMENT POSITIVE_AFFECT
RELIEF When you think about your grades right now, how relieved are you feeling? ESM AFFECT POSITIVE_AFFECT RELIEF
NEGGOAL Since the last beep, how much did you try to influence your negative emotions about your exam results? ESM AFFECT GOAL NEGATIVE_AFFECT
POSGOAL Since the last beep, how much did you try to influence your positive emotions about your exam results? ESM AFFECT GOAL POSITIVE_AFFECT
APP_OTH When you think about your grades right now, to what extent do you think that somebody else is responsible for your grades? ESM AGENCY APPRAISAL
APP_SELF When you think about your grades right now, to what extent do you think that you are responsible for your grades? ESM AGENCY APPRAISAL
APP_IMP When you think about your grades right now, how important are your grades for you? ESM APPRAISAL IMPORTANCE
APP_COPE When you think about your grades right now, to what extent can you cope with the emotions caused by your grades? ESM APPRAISAL COPING_POTENTIAL
APP_GOALCONG When you think about your grades right now, to what extent are your grades advantageous for you? ESM APPRAISAL MOTIVATIONAL_CONGRUENCE
RUM Since the last beep, did you ruminate about your grades? ESM EMOTION_REGULATION RUMINATION STRATEGY
DIST Since the last beep, have you distracted yourself from your grades and the associated emotions? ESM DISTRACTION EMOTION_REGULATION STRATEGY
ACPT Since the last beep, have you accepted your emotions about your grades the way they are? ESM ACCEPTANCE EMOTION_REGULATION STRATEGY
REAP Since the last beep, have you looked at your grades and the emotions that go with them from another perspective? ESM EMOTION_REGULATION REAPPRAISAL STRATEGY
SUPR Since the last beep, have you suppressed the outward expression of your emotions about your grades? ESM EMOTION_REGULATION EXPRESSIVE_SUPPRESSION STRATEGY
SHARE Since the last beep, have you talked to others about your grades and the associated emotions? ESM EMOTION_REGULATION SOCIAL_SHARING STRATEGY
ERMOT_HED To increase my immediate pleasure. ESM EMOTION_REGULATION HEDONIC MOTIVE
ERMOT_CONTRA To increase my immediate displeasure. ESM CONTRAHEDONIC EMOTION_REGULATION MOTIVE
ERMOT_PERF To help me do something. ESM EMOTION_REGULATION MOTIVE PERFORMANCE
ERMOT_EPI To help me learn something. ESM EMOTION_REGULATION EPISTEMIC MOTIVE
ERMOT_SOC To help with my social relationships. ESM EMOTION_REGULATION MOTIVE SOCIAL
ERMOT_EUD To help me grow as a person ESM EMOTION_REGULATION EUDAIMONIC MOTIVE
ERMOT_OTH I had another aim in using these strategies ESM EMOTION_REGULATION MOTIVE
ERMOT_NONE I did not have an aim in using these strategies ESM EMOTION_REGULATION MOTIVE
EXAM_1 Did you participate in the exam of Functieleer (deel 1) during the past exam period? Baseline LEARNING
EXAM_2 When thinking about your exam results, what score out of 20 do you expect for Functieleer (deel 1)? Baseline LEARNING
EXAM_3 How confident do you feel about your estimation of the expected score for Functieleer (deel 1)? Baseline LEARNING
EXAM_4 Did you participate in the exam of Sociale Psychologie (deel 1) during the past exam period? Baseline LEARNING
EXAM_5 When thinking about your exam results, what score out of 20 do you expect for Sociale Psychologie (deel 1)? Baseline LEARNING
EXAM_6 How confident do you feel about your estimation of the expected score for Sociale Psychologie (deel 1)? Baseline LEARNING
EXAM_7 Did you participate in the exam of Statistiek voor Psychologen, deel 1, met Practicum during the past exam period? Baseline LEARNING
EXAM_8 When thinking about your exam results, what score out of 20 do you expect for Statistiek voor Psychologen, deel 1, met Practicum? Baseline LEARNING
EXAM_9 How confident do you feel about your estimation of the expected score for Statistiek voor Psychologen, deel 1, met Practicum? Baseline LEARNING
EXAM_10 Did you participate in the exam of Sociologie during the past exam period? Baseline LEARNING
EXAM_11 When thinking about your exam results, what score out of 20 do you expect for Sociologie? Baseline LEARNING
EXAM_12 How confident do you feel about your estimation of the expected score for Sociologie? Baseline LEARNING
EXAM_13 Did you participate in the exam of Methoden van het Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (positief-wetenschappelijk gedeelte) during the past exam period? Baseline LEARNING
EXAM_14 When thinking about your exam results, what score out of 20 do you expect for Methoden van het Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (positief-wetenschappelijk gedeelte)? Baseline LEARNING
EXAM_15 How confident do you feel about your estimation of the expected score for Methoden van het Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (positief-wetenschappelijk gedeelte)? Baseline LEARNING
EXAM_16 In the past semester, did you only take courses belonging to the first year of the Bachelor in Psychology program? Baseline LEARNING
EXAM_17 In the past semester, you took courses that did NOT belong to the first year of the Bachelor in Psychology program. Please indicate which ones in the text field below AND the score out of 20 you expect when thinking about your exam results. Baseline LEARNING
EXAM_IMP How important are the exam results from the past semester to you? Baseline LEARNING
EXAM_PREP How well do you think you were prepared for your exams of the past semester? Baseline LEARNING
BFI_1 ... is talkative Baseline EXTRAVERSION PERSONALITY
BFI_2 ... tends to find fault with others Baseline AGREEABLENESS PERSONALITY
BFI_3 ... does a thorough job Baseline CONSCIENTIOUSNESS PERSONALITY
BFI_4 ... is depressed, blue Baseline NEUROTICISM PERSONALITY
BFI_5 ... is original, comes up with new ideas Baseline OPENNESS PERSONALITY
BFI_6 ... is reserved Baseline EXTRAVERSION PERSONALITY
BFI_7 ... is helpful, unselfish with others Baseline AGREEABLENESS PERSONALITY
BFI_8 ... can be somewhat careless Baseline CONSCIENTIOUSNESS PERSONALITY
BFI_17 ... has a forgiving nature Baseline AGREEABLENESS PERSONALITY
BFI_18 ... tends to be disorganized Baseline CONSCIENTIOUSNESS PERSONALITY
BFI_19 ... worries a lot Baseline NEUROTICISM PERSONALITY
BFI_20 ... has an active imagination Baseline OPENNESS PERSONALITY
BFI_21 ... tends to be quiet Baseline EXTRAVERSION PERSONALITY
BFI_22 ... is generally trusting Baseline AGREEABLENESS PERSONALITY
BFI_23 ... tends to be lazy Baseline CONSCIENTIOUSNESS PERSONALITY
BFI_24 ... is emotionally stable, not easily upset Baseline NEUROTICISM PERSONALITY
BFI_25 ... is inventive Baseline OPENNESS PERSONALITY
BFI_26 ... has an assertive personality Baseline EXTRAVERSION PERSONALITY
BFI_27 ... can be cold and aloof Baseline AGREEABLENESS PERSONALITY
BFI_28 ... perseveres until the task is finished Baseline CONSCIENTIOUSNESS PERSONALITY
BFI_29 ... can be moody Baseline NEUROTICISM PERSONALITY
BFI_30 ... values artistic, aesthetic experiences Baseline OPENNESS PERSONALITY
BFI_31 ... is sometimes shy, inhibited Baseline EXTRAVERSION PERSONALITY
BFI_32 ... is considerate and kind to almost everyone Baseline AGREEABLENESS PERSONALITY
BFI_33 ... does things efficiently Baseline CONSCIENTIOUSNESS PERSONALITY
BFI_34 ... remains calm in tense situations Baseline NEUROTICISM PERSONALITY
BFI_35 ... prefers work that is routine Baseline OPENNESS PERSONALITY
BFI_36 ... is outgoing, sociable Baseline EXTRAVERSION PERSONALITY
BFI_37 ... is sometimes rude to others Baseline AGREEABLENESS PERSONALITY
BFI_38 ... makes plans and follows through with them Baseline CONSCIENTIOUSNESS PERSONALITY
BFI_39 ... gets nervous easily Baseline NEUROTICISM PERSONALITY
BFI_40 ... likes to reflect, play with ideas Baseline OPENNESS PERSONALITY
BFI_41 ... has few artistic interests Baseline OPENNESS PERSONALITY
BFI_42 ... likes to cooperate with others Baseline AGREEABLENESS PERSONALITY
BFI_43 ... is easily distracted Baseline CONSCIENTIOUSNESS PERSONALITY
BFI_44 ... is sophisticated in art, music, or literature Baseline OPENNESS PERSONALITY
ERQ_1 When I want to feel more positive emotion (such as joy or amusement), I change what I’m thinking about Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION REAPPRAISAL STRATEGY
ERQ_2 I keep my emotions to myself Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION EXPRESSIVE_SUPPRESSION STRATEGY
ERQ_3 When I want to feel a less negative emotion (such as sadness or anger), I change what I’m thinking about. Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION REAPPRAISAL STRATEGY
ERQ_4 When I am feeling positive emotions, I am careful not to express them Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION EXPRESSIVE_SUPPRESSION STRATEGY
ERQ_5 When I’m faced with a stressful situation, I make myself think about it,in a way that helps me stay calm Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION REAPPRAISAL STRATEGY
ERQ_6 I control my emotions by not expressing them Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION EXPRESSIVE_SUPPRESSION STRATEGY
ERQ_7 When I want to feel more positiveemotion, I change the way I’m thinkingabout the situation Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION REAPPRAISAL STRATEGY
ERQ_8 I control my emotions by changing the way I think about the situation I’m in Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION REAPPRAISAL STRATEGY
ERQ_9 When I am feeling negative emotions, I make sure not to express them Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION EXPRESSIVE_SUPPRESSION STRATEGY
ERQ_10 When I want to feel a less negativeemotion, I change the way I’m thinkingabout the situation Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION REAPPRAISAL STRATEGY
RRS_2003_1 Think about how alone you feel Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION RUMINATION STRATEGY
RRS_2003_2 Think “I won’t be able to do my job if I don’t snap out of this” Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION RUMINATION STRATEGY
RRS_2003_3 Think about your feelings of fatigue and achiness Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION RUMINATION STRATEGY
RRS_2003_4 Think about how hard it is to concentrate Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION RUMINATION STRATEGY
RRS_2003_5 Think “what am I doing to deserve this?” Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION RUMINATION STRATEGY
RRS_2003_6 Think about how passive and unmotivated you feel Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION RUMINATION STRATEGY
RRS_2003_7 Analyze recent events to try to understand why you are depressed Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION REFLECTION STRATEGY
RRS_2003_8 Think about how you don’t seem to feel anything anymore Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION RUMINATION STRATEGY
RRS_2003_9 Think “Why can’t I get going?” Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION RUMINATION STRATEGY
RRS_2003_10 Think “Why do I always react this way?” Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION RUMINATION STRATEGY
RRS_2003_11 Go away by yourself and think about why you feel this way Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION REFLECTION STRATEGY
RRS_2003_12 Write down what you are thinking about and analyze it Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION REFLECTION STRATEGY
RRS_2003_13 Think about a recent situation, wishing it had gone better Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION RUMINATION STRATEGY
RRS_2003_14 Think “I won’t be able to concentrate if I keep feeling this way” Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION RUMINATION STRATEGY
RRS_2003_15 Think “why do I have problems other people don’t have?” Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION RUMINATION STRATEGY
RRS_2003_16 Think “why can’t I handle things better?” Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION RUMINATION STRATEGY
RRS_2003_17 Think about how sad you feel Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION RUMINATION STRATEGY
RRS_2003_18 Think about all your shortcomings, failings, faults, and mistakes Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION RUMINATION STRATEGY
RRS_2003_19 Think about how you don’t feel up to doing anything Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION RUMINATION STRATEGY
RRS_2003_20 Analyze your personality to try to understand why you are depressed Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION REFLECTION STRATEGY
RRS_2003_21 Go someplace alone to think about your feelings Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION REFLECTION STRATEGY
RRS_2003_22 Think about how angry you are with yourself Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION RUMINATION STRATEGY
DERS_SF_35 When I’m upset, it takes me a long time to feel better Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION STRATEGY
DERS_SF_28 When I’m upset, I believe there is nothing I can do to make myself feel better Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION STRATEGY
DERS_SF_16 When I’m upset, I believe that I will end up feeling very depressed Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION STRATEGY
DERS_SF_12 When I’m upset, I become embarrassed for feeling that way Baseline ACCEPTANCE EMOTION_REGULATION STRATEGY
DERS_SF_25 When I’m upset, I feel guilty for feeling that way Baseline ACCEPTANCE EMOTION_REGULATION STRATEGY
DERS_SF_29 When I’m upset, I become irritated with myself for feeling that way Baseline ACCEPTANCE EMOTION_REGULATION STRATEGY
DERS_SF_14 When I’m upset, I become out of control Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION IMPULSIVITY
DERS_SF_32 When I’m upset, I lose control over my behavior Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION IMPULSIVITY
DERS_SF_27 When I’m upset, I have difficulty controlling my behaviors Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION IMPULSIVITY
DERS_SF_18 When I’m upset, I have difficulty focusing on other things Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION GOAL
DERS_SF_26 When I’m upset, I have difficulty concentrating Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION GOAL
DERS_SF_13 When I’m upset, I have difficulty getting work done Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION GOAL
DERS_SF_8 I care about what I am feeling Baseline AWARENESS EMOTION_REGULATION
DERS_SF_10 When I’m upset, I acknowledge my emotions Baseline AWARENESS EMOTION_REGULATION
DERS_SF_9 I am confused about how I feel Baseline CLARITY EMOTION_REGULATION
DERS_SF_51 I have difficulty making sense out of my feelings Baseline CLARITY EMOTION_REGULATION
DERS_SF_4 I have no idea how I am feeling Baseline CLARITY EMOTION_REGULATION
SWL_1 In most ways my life is close to ideal Baseline HEDONIC LIFE_SATISFACTION WELL_BEING
SWL_2 The conditions of my life are excellent Baseline HEDONIC LIFE_SATISFACTION WELL_BEING
SWL_3 I am satisfied with my life Baseline HEDONIC LIFE_SATISFACTION WELL_BEING
SWL_4 So far I have gotten the important things I want in life Baseline HEDONIC LIFE_SATISFACTION WELL_BEING
SWL_5 If I could live my life over, I would change almost nothing Baseline HEDONIC LIFE_SATISFACTION WELL_BEING
PWB_SF_3 In general, I feel I am in charge of the situation in which I live. Baseline EUDAIMONIC WELL_BEING
PWB_SF_6 When I look at the story of my life, I am pleased with how things have turned out. Baseline EUDAIMONIC WELL_BEING
PWB_SF_7 Maintaining close relationships has been difficult and frustrating for me. Baseline EUDAIMONIC WELL_BEING
PWB_SF_9 The demands of everyday life often get me down. Baseline EUDAIMONIC WELL_BEING
PWB_SF_11 I live life one day at a time and don't really think about the future. Baseline EUDAIMONIC WELL_BEING
PWB_SF_21 I am quite good at managing the many responsibilities of my daily life. Baseline EUDAIMONIC WELL_BEING
PWB_SF_28 I think it is important to have new experiences that challenge how you think about yourself and the world. Baseline EUDAIMONIC WELL_BEING
PWB_SF_30 I like most aspects of my personality. Baseline EUDAIMONIC WELL_BEING
PWB_SF_32 I tend to be influenced by people with strong opinions. Baseline EUDAIMONIC WELL_BEING
PWB_SF_42 In many ways, I feel disappointed about my achievements in life. Baseline EUDAIMONIC WELL_BEING
PWB_SF_49 People would describe me as a giving person, willing to share my time with others. Baseline EUDAIMONIC WELL_BEING
PWB_SF_50 I have confidence in my opinions, even if they are contrary to the general consensus. Baseline EUDAIMONIC WELL_BEING
PWB_SF_55 I have not experienced many warm and trusting relationships with others. Baseline EUDAIMONIC WELL_BEING
PWB_SF_59 Some people wander aimlessly through life, but I am not one of them. Baseline EUDAIMONIC WELL_BEING
PWB_SF_64 For me, life has been a continuous process of learning, changing, and growth. Baseline EUDAIMONIC WELL_BEING
PWB_SF_65 I sometimes feel as if I've done all there is to do in life. Baseline EUDAIMONIC WELL_BEING
PWB_SF_76 I gave up trying to make big improvements or changes in my life a long time ago. Baseline EUDAIMONIC WELL_BEING
PWB_SF_80 I judge myself by what I think is important, not by the values of what others think is important. Baseline EUDAIMONIC WELL_BEING
CONT Contented Baseline AFFECT CONTENTMENT POSITIVE_AFFECT
HAP Happy Baseline AFFECT HAPPINESS POSITIVE_AFFECT
AMUSE Amused Baseline AFFECT AMUSEMENT POSITIVE_AFFECT
PROUD Proud Baseline AFFECT POSITIVE_AFFECT PRIDE
GRAT Grateful Baseline AFFECT GRATITUDE POSITIVE_AFFECT
HOPE Hopeful Baseline AFFECT HOPE POSITIVE_AFFECT
SAD Sad Baseline AFFECT NEGATIVE_AFFECT SADNESS
DEP Depressed Baseline AFFECT DEPRESSION NEGATIVE_AFFECT
NERV Nervous Baseline AFFECT NEGATIVE_AFFECT NERVOUSNESS
ANG Angry Baseline AFFECT ANGER NEGATIVE_AFFECT
FEAR Fearful Baseline AFFECT FEAR NEGATIVE_AFFECT
RSE_1 Generally, I am happy with myself Baseline SELF SELF_ESTEEM
RSE_2 Sometimes I don’t think I’m good for anything Baseline SELF SELF_ESTEEM
RSE_3 I feel I have a number of good qualities Baseline SELF SELF_ESTEEM
RSE_4 I can do things as well as most other people Baseline SELF SELF_ESTEEM
RSE_5 I feel I don’t have much to be proud of Baseline SELF SELF_ESTEEM
RSE_6 Sometimes I feel useless Baseline SELF SELF_ESTEEM
RSE_7 I feel I am a worthy person, at least as worthy as others Baseline SELF SELF_ESTEEM
RSE_8 I wish I could have more self-respect Baseline SELF SELF_ESTEEM
RSE_9 Generally, I feel like a failure Baseline SELF SELF_ESTEEM
RSE_10 I have a positive attitude toward myself Baseline SELF SELF_ESTEEM
CESD_1 I was bothered by things that don’t usually bother me Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS
CESD_2 I did not feel like eating; my appetite was poor Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS
CESD_3 I felt that I could not shake off the blues even with the help of my family and friends Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS
CESD_4 I felt that I was just as good as other people Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS
CESD_5 I had trouble keeping my mind on what I was doing Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS
CESD_6 I felt depressed Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS
CESD_7 I felt everything I did was an effort Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS
CESD_8 I felt hopeful about the future Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS
CESD_9 I thought my life had been a failure Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS
CESD_10 I felt fearful Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS
CESD_11 My sleep was restless Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS
CESD_12 I was happy Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS
CESD_13 I talked less than usual Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS
CESD_14 I felt lonely Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS
CESD_15 People were unfriendly Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS
CESD_16 I enjoyed life Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS
CESD_17 I had crying spells Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS
CESD_18 I felt sad Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS
CESD_19 I felt that people disliked me Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS
CESD_20 I could not get “going” Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS
PAI_BOR_1 My mood can shift quite suddenly. Baseline PERSONALITY_DISORDER PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS
PAI_BOR_2 My attitude about myself often changes. Baseline PERSONALITY_DISORDER PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS
PAI_BOR_3 My relationships have been stormy. Baseline PERSONALITY_DISORDER PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS
PAI_BOR_4 My moods can be very intense. Baseline PERSONALITY_DISORDER PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS
PAI_BOR_5 Sometimes I feel terribly empty inside. Baseline PERSONALITY_DISORDER PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS
PAI_BOR_6 I want to let certain people know how much they've hurt me. Baseline PERSONALITY_DISORDER PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS
PAI_BOR_7 My mood tends to be quite steady. Baseline PERSONALITY_DISORDER PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS
PAI_BOR_8 I often worry about people leaving me. Baseline PERSONALITY_DISORDER PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS
PAI_BOR_9 People I once loved, let me down. Baseline PERSONALITY_DISORDER PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS
PAI_BOR_10 I have little control over my anger. Baseline PERSONALITY_DISORDER PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS
PAI_BOR_11 I often wonder about what to do with my life. Baseline PERSONALITY_DISORDER PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS
PAI_BOR_12 I rarely feel lonely. Baseline PERSONALITY_DISORDER PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS
PAI_BOR_13 Sometimes I am so impulsive that it gets me in trouble. Baseline PERSONALITY_DISORDER PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS
PAI_BOR_14 I have always been a fairly happy person. Baseline PERSONALITY_DISORDER PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS
PAI_BOR_15 I can't handle being separated from people the people I love. Baseline PERSONALITY_DISORDER PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS
PAI_BOR_16 I have made huge mistakes in picking friends. Baseline PERSONALITY_DISORDER PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS
PAI_BOR_17 When I am upset, I often hurt myself. Baseline PERSONALITY_DISORDER PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS
PAI_BOR_18 I've been so angry in the past, that I couldn't express all of my anger Baseline PERSONALITY_DISORDER PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS
PAI_BOR_19 I don't get bored very quickly. Baseline PERSONALITY_DISORDER PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS
PAI_BOR_20 Once someone becomes a friend, that person stays a friend. Baseline PERSONALITY_DISORDER PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS
PAI_BOR_21 I am more impulsive than is good for me. Baseline PERSONALITY_DISORDER PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS
PAI_BOR_22 I spend money too easily. Baseline PERSONALITY_DISORDER PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS
PAI_BOR_23 I am a reckless person. Baseline PERSONALITY_DISORDER PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS
PAI_BOR_24 I carefully choose on what to spend my money. Baseline PERSONALITY_DISORDER PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS
ACAD_CONTROL1 I have a great deal of control over my academic performance in my psychology course. Baseline CONTROLLABILITY LEARNING
ACAD_CONTROL2 The more effort I put in to my courses, the better I do in them. Baseline CONTROLLABILITY LEARNING
ACAD_CONTROL3 No matter what I do, I can't seem to do well in my courses. Baseline CONTROLLABILITY LEARNING
ACAD_CONTROL4 I see myself as largely responsible for my performance throughout my college career. Baseline CONTROLLABILITY LEARNING
ACAD_CONTROL5 How well I do in my courses is often the "luck of the draw". Baseline CONTROLLABILITY LEARNING
ACAD_CONTROL6 There is little I can do about my performance in university. Baseline CONTROLLABILITY LEARNING
ACAD_CONTROL7 When I do poorly in a course, it's usually because I haven't given it my best effort. Baseline CONTROLLABILITY LEARNING
ACAD_CONTROL8 My grades are basically determined by thing beyond my control and there is little I can do to change that. Baseline CONTROLLABILITY LEARNING
CEI_1 I actively seek as much information as I can in new situations. Baseline CURIOUSITY OPENNESS PERSONALITY
CEI_2 I am the type of person who really enjoys the uncertainty of everyday life. Baseline CURIOUSITY OPENNESS PERSONALITY
CEI_3 I am at my best when doing something that is complex or challenging. Baseline CURIOUSITY OPENNESS PERSONALITY
CEI_4 Everywhere I go, I am out looking for new things or experiences. Baseline CURIOUSITY OPENNESS PERSONALITY
CEI_5 I view challenging situations as an opportunity to grow and learn. Baseline CURIOUSITY OPENNESS PERSONALITY
CEI_6 I like to do things that are a little frightening. Baseline CURIOUSITY OPENNESS PERSONALITY
CEI_7 I am always looking for experiences that challenge how I think about myself and the world. Baseline CURIOUSITY OPENNESS PERSONALITY
CEI_8 I prefer jobs that are excitingly unpredictable. Baseline CURIOUSITY OPENNESS PERSONALITY
CEI_9 I frequently seek out opportunities to challenge myself and grow as a person. Baseline CURIOUSITY OPENNESS PERSONALITY
CEI_10 I am the kind of person who embraces unfamiliar people, events, and places. Baseline CURIOUSITY OPENNESS PERSONALITY
DIDS_1 I decided on the direction I want to follow in life. Baseline
DIDS_2 I know what I want to do with my future. Baseline
DIDS_3 I know what I want to achieve in my life. Baseline
DIDS_4 I have a clear view on my future. Baseline
DIDS_5 I made a choice concerning some of my plans for the future. Baseline
DIDS_6 I think about the direction I want to take in my life. Baseline
DIDS_7 I think a lot about how I see my future. Baseline
DIDS_8 I try to figure out regularly which lifestyle would suit me. Baseline
DIDS_9 I think about what to do with my life. Baseline
DIDS_10 I try to find out which lifestyle would be good for me. Baseline
DIDS_11 I am doubtful about what I really want to achieve in life. Baseline
DIDS_12 I worry about what I want to do with my future. Baseline
DIDS_13 I keep looking for the direction I want to take in my life. Baseline
DIDS_14 I keep wondering which direction my life has to take. Baseline
DIDS_15 It's hard to stop thinking about the direction I want to follow in life. Baseline
DIDS_16 I value my plans for the future very much. Baseline
DIDS_17 My future plans give me self-confidence. Baseline
DIDS_18 Because of the path of life I have mapped out, I feel certain about myself. Baseline
DIDS_19 I have the sense that the direction I want to take in life will really suit me. Baseline
DIDS_20 My plans for the future offer me a sense of security. Baseline
DIDS_21 I think about the future plans I have made. Baseline
DIDS_22 I talk regularly with other people about the plans for the future I have made. Baseline
DIDS_23 I work out for myself if the goals I put forward in life really suit me. Baseline
DIDS_24 I try to find out regularly what other people think about the specific direction I want to take in my life. Baseline
DIDS_25 I think a lot about the future plans I strive for. Baseline
LEARN_EMO1 interested Baseline AFFECT INTEREST LEARNING POSITIVE_AFFECT
LEARN_EMO2 curious Baseline AFFECT CURIOUSITY LEARNING POSITIVE_AFFECT
LEARN_EMO3 confused Baseline AFFECT CONFUSED LEARNING NEGATIVE_AFFECT
LEARN_EMO4 bored Baseline AFFECT BORED LEARNING NEGATIVE_AFFECT
LEARN_EMO5 sad Baseline AFFECT LEARNING NEGATIVE_AFFECT SADNESS
LEARN_EMO6 angry Baseline AFFECT ANGER LEARNING NEGATIVE_AFFECT
LEARN_EMO7 happy Baseline AFFECT HAPPINESS LEARNING POSITIVE_AFFECT
LEARN_EMO8 disappointed Baseline AFFECT DISAPPOINTMENT LEARNING NEGATIVE_AFFECT
LEARN_EMO9 ashamed Baseline AFFECT LEARNING NEGATIVE_AFFECT SHAME
LEARN_EMO10 proud Baseline AFFECT LEARNING POSITIVE_AFFECT PRIDE
LEARN_EMO11 stressed Baseline AFFECT LEARNING NEGATIVE_AFFECT STRESS
LEARN_EMO12 relaxed Baseline AFFECT LEARNING POSITIVE_AFFECT RELAXATION
AGQ_R_1 My aim is completely master the material presented in this class Baseline LEARNING
AGQ_R_2 I am striving to do well compared to other students. Baseline LEARNING
AGQ_R_3 My goal is to learn as much as possible. Baseline LEARNING
AGQ_R_4 My aim is to perform well relative to other students Baseline LEARNING
AGQ_R_5 My aim is to avoid learning less than I possibly could. Baseline LEARNING
AGQ_R_6 My goal is to avoid performing poorly compared to others. Baseline LEARNING
AGQ_R_7 I am striving to understand the content as thoroughly as possible. Baseline LEARNING
AGQ_R_8 My goal is to perform better than the other students. Baseline LEARNING
AGQ_R_9 My goal is to avoid learning less than it is possible to learn. Baseline LEARNING
AGQ_R_10 I am striving to avoid performing worse than others Baseline LEARNING
AGQ_R_11 I am striving to avoid an incomplete understanding of the course material. Baseline LEARNING
AGQ_R_12 My aim is to avoid doing worse than other students. Baseline LEARNING
NCS_1 I would prefer complex to simple problems. Baseline COGNITION
NCS_2 I like to have the responsibility of handling a situation that requires a lot of thinking. Baseline COGNITION
NCS_3 Thinking is not my idea of fun. Baseline COGNITION
NCS_4 I would rather do something that requires little thought than something that is sure to challenge my thinking abilities Baseline COGNITION
NCS_5 I try to anticipate and avoid situations where there is a likely chance I will have to think in-depth about something. Baseline COGNITION
NCS_6 I find satisfaction in deliberating hard and for long hours. Baseline COGNITION
NCS_7 I only think as hard as I have to. Baseline COGNITION
NCS_8 I prefer to think about small, daily projects to long-term ones Baseline COGNITION
NCS_9 I like tasks that require little thought once I've learned them Baseline COGNITION
NCS_10 The idea of relying on thought to make my way to the top appeals to me. Baseline COGNITION
NCS_11 I really enjoy a task that involves coming up with new solutions to problems. Baseline COGNITION
NCS_12 Learning new ways to think doesn't excite me very much Baseline COGNITION
NCS_13 I prefer my life to be filled with puzzles that I must solve. Baseline COGNITION
NCS_14 The notion of thinking abstractly is appealing to me. Baseline COGNITION
NCS_15 I would prefer a task that is intellectual, difficult, and important to one that is somewhat important but does not require much thought. Baseline COGNITION
NCS_16 I feel relief rather than satisfaction after completing a task that required a lot of mental effort Baseline COGNITION
NCS_17 It's enough for me that something gets the job done; I don't care how or why it works Baseline COGNITION
NCS_18 I usually end up deliberating about issues even when they do not affect me personally. Baseline COGNITION
GENDER Gender Baseline DEMOGRAPHICS GENDER
AGE Age (in years) Baseline AGE DEMOGRAPHICS
NAT Nationality Baseline DEMOGRAPHICS NATIONALITY
EDU Highest level of education completed Baseline DEMOGRAPHICS EDUCATION
RELAT What is your current relationship status? Baseline DEMOGRAPHICS RELATIONSHIP
EXAM_TIME Participant self-reports of when their exam grade was consulted (not from experience-sampling surveys) Follow_up
EXAM_RES1 did you participate in the exam of experimental psychology? Follow_up LEARNING
EXAM_RES2 what is your score out of 20 on the exam of experimental psychology? Follow_up LEARNING
EXAM_RES3 did you participate in the exam of social psychology? Follow_up LEARNING
EXAM_RES4 what is your score out of 20 on the exam of social psychology? Follow_up LEARNING
EXAM_RES5 did you participate in the exam of statistics? Follow_up LEARNING
EXAM_RES_11 did you participate in the exam of (a) course(s) that is (are) not part of the first year bachelor in psychology programme? Follow_up LEARNING
EXAM_RES6 what is your score out of 20 on the exam of statistics? Follow_up LEARNING
EXAM_RES7 did you participate in the exam of sociology? Follow_up LEARNING
EXAM_RES8 what is your score out of 20 on the exam of sociology? Follow_up LEARNING
EXAM_RES9 did you participate in the exam of methods in scientific research? Follow_up LEARNING
EXAM_SUPR how surprised were you with your exam grades? Follow_up LEARNING
EXAM_IMP2 how important are these exam grades for you? Follow_up LEARNING
STILL_ENROL1 Are you still studying at university? Follow_up2 DEMOGRAPHICS EDUCATION
STILL_ENROL2 Are you still studying psychology? Follow_up2 DEMOGRAPHICS EDUCATION
EXAM_STUDY How hard did you study this semester? Follow_up2 LEARNING
EXAM_IMP3 How are important are the results of the second semester for you? Follow_up2 LEARNING
EXAM_PREP2 How well prepared were you for the second semester examinations? Follow_up2 LEARNING
SAD_SEM1 sad Follow_up2 AFFECT NEGATIVE_AFFECT SADNESS
ANG_SEM1 angry Follow_up2 AFFECT ANGER NEGATIVE_AFFECT
DISAP_SEM1 disappointed Follow_up2 AFFECT DISAPPOINTMENT NEGATIVE_AFFECT
SHAM_SEM1 ashamed Follow_up2 AFFECT NEGATIVE_AFFECT SHAME
ANX_SEM1 anxious Follow_up2 AFFECT ANXIETY NEGATIVE_AFFECT
STR_SEM1 stressed Follow_up2 AFFECT NEGATIVE_AFFECT STRESS
PROUD_SEM1 proud Follow_up2 AFFECT POSITIVE_AFFECT PRIDE
HAP_SEM1 happy Follow_up2 AFFECT HAPPINESS POSITIVE_AFFECT
CONT_SEM1 content Follow_up2 AFFECT CONTENTMENT POSITIVE_AFFECT
RELIEF_SEM1 relieved Follow_up2 AFFECT POSITIVE_AFFECT RELIEF
SAD_SEM2 sad Follow_up2 AFFECT NEGATIVE_AFFECT SADNESS
ANG_SEM2 angry Follow_up2 AFFECT ANGER NEGATIVE_AFFECT
DISAP_SEM2 disappointed Follow_up2 AFFECT DISAPPOINTMENT NEGATIVE_AFFECT
SHAM_SEM2 ashamed Follow_up2 AFFECT NEGATIVE_AFFECT SHAME
ANX_SEM2 anxious Follow_up2 AFFECT ANXIETY NEGATIVE_AFFECT
STR_SEM2 stressed Follow_up2 AFFECT NEGATIVE_AFFECT STRESS
PROUD_SEM2 proud Follow_up2 AFFECT POSITIVE_AFFECT PRIDE
HAP_SEM2 happy Follow_up2 AFFECT HAPPINESS POSITIVE_AFFECT
CONT_SEM2 content Follow_up2 AFFECT CONTENTMENT POSITIVE_AFFECT
RELIEF_SEM2 relieved Follow_up2 AFFECT POSITIVE_AFFECT RELIEF
ER_BEST When you think of your first semester exam results, which of the following strategies helped you to cope best with the emotions you felt? Follow_up2 EMOTION_REGULATION STRATEGY
SWL_1 In most ways my life is close to ideal Follow_up2 HEDONIC LIFE_SATISFACTION WELL_BEING
SWL_2 The conditions of my life are excellent Follow_up2 HEDONIC LIFE_SATISFACTION WELL_BEING
SWL_3 I am satisfied with my life Follow_up2 HEDONIC LIFE_SATISFACTION WELL_BEING
SWL_4 So far I have gotten the important things I want in life Follow_up2 HEDONIC LIFE_SATISFACTION WELL_BEING
SWL_5 If I could live my life over, I would change almost nothing Follow_up2 HEDONIC LIFE_SATISFACTION WELL_BEING
CESD_1 I was bothered by things that don’t usually bother me Follow_up2 DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS
CESD_2 I did not feel like eating; my appetite was poor Follow_up2 DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS
CESD_3 I felt that I could not shake off the blues even with the help of my family and friends Follow_up2 DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS
CESD_4 I felt that I was just as good as other people Follow_up2 DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS
CESD_5 I had trouble keeping my mind on what I was doing Follow_up2 DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS
CESD_6 I felt depressed Follow_up2 DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS
CESD_7 I felt everything I did was an effort Follow_up2 DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS
CESD_8 I felt hopeful about the future Follow_up2 DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS
CESD_9 I thought my life had been a failure Follow_up2 DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS
CESD_10 I felt fearful Follow_up2 DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS
CESD_11 My sleep was restless Follow_up2 DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS
CESD_12 I was happy Follow_up2 DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS
CESD_13 I talked less than usual Follow_up2 DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS
CESD_14 I felt lonely Follow_up2 DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS
CESD_15 People were unfriendly Follow_up2 DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS
CESD_16 I enjoyed life Follow_up2 DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS
CESD_17 I had crying spells Follow_up2 DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS
CESD_18 I felt sad Follow_up2 DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS
CESD_19 I felt that people disliked me Follow_up2 DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS
CESD_20 I could not get “going” Follow_up2
ACAD_CONTROL1 I have a great deal of control over my academic performance in my psychology course. Follow_up2 LEARNING
ACAD_CONTROL2 The more effort I put in to my courses, the better I do in them. Follow_up2 LEARNING
ACAD_CONTROL3 No matter what I do, I can't seem to do well in my courses. Follow_up2 LEARNING
ACAD_CONTROL4 I see myself as largely responsible for my performance throughout my college career. Follow_up2 LEARNING
ACAD_CONTROL5 How well I do in my courses is often the "luck of the draw". Follow_up2 LEARNING
ACAD_CONTROL6 There is little I can do about my performance in university. Follow_up2 LEARNING
ACAD_CONTROL7 When I do poorly in a course, it's usually because I haven't given it my best effort. Follow_up2 LEARNING
ACAD_CONTROL8 My grades are basically determined by thing beyond my control and there is little I can do to change that. Follow_up2 LEARNING
AGQ_R_1 My aim is completely master the material presented in this class Follow_up2 LEARNING
AGQ_R_2 I am striving to do well compared to other students. Follow_up2 LEARNING
AGQ_R_3 My goal is to learn as much as possible. Follow_up2 LEARNING
AGQ_R_4 My aim is to perform well relative to other students Follow_up2 LEARNING
AGQ_R_5 My aim is to avoid learning less than I possibly could. Follow_up2 LEARNING
AGQ_R_6 My goal is to avoid performing poorly compared to others. Follow_up2 LEARNING
AGQ_R_7 I am striving to understand the content as thoroughly as possible. Follow_up2 LEARNING
AGQ_R_8 My goal is to perform better than the other students. Follow_up2 LEARNING
AGQ_R_9 My goal is to avoid learning less than it is possible to learn. Follow_up2 LEARNING
AGQ_R_10 I am striving to avoid performing worse than others Follow_up2 LEARNING
AGQ_R_11 I am striving to avoid an incomplete understanding of the course material. Follow_up2 LEARNING
AGQ_R_12 My aim is to avoid doing worse than other students. Follow_up2 LEARNING
EXAM_RES10 what is your score out of 20 on the exam of methods in scientific research? Follow_up LEARNING
EXAM_RES_12 you participated in courses not part of the first year bachelor in psychology: please write down which courses and what grades you received for them. Follow_up LEARNING
NEGAFF Please indicate how negative you are feeling right now. ESM AFFECT NEGATIVE_AFFECT
EXAM_SURVEYNUMBER When exam grades were received: Consecutive numbers - 0 being the survey on which grades are received, negative number surveys before grades were received, and positive numbers surveys after grades were received ESM

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