Emotion Regulation Effort (2020)

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Citation article

Title:
Flexibility or instability? Emotion goal dynamics and mental health
Authors:
Hu, D., Kalokerinos, E. K., Tamir, M.
Year of publication:
2024
Publication name:
Emotion
Volume number:
24
Issue number:
4
Page numbers:
1078-1091
DOI or URL:
doi: 10.1037/emo0001318
Publication type:
Refereed Journal Article

Study details

Baseline session:
Yes
Followup session:
No
Study design:
First, a screening survey was completed on Qualtrics to assess potential participants eligibility for the study. If eligible, participants completed the baseline survey, also on Qualtrics. At the beginning of this survey, participants were given the Plain Language Statement and provided informed consent. Participants then responded to a number of self-report measures of emotion-relevant trait variables. At the end of the baseline participants watched two videos explaining the methdological details of the study and how to use the SEMA3 ESM survey smartphone app. The day after the baseline, participants began the ESM component, where they received survey notifications on their smartphones via the application SEMA3. Participants received 8 surveys each day for seven consecutive days. Participants responded to 22 questions in each ESM survey. The questions were identical in each survey. In the ESM surveys participants were asked about their emotion regulation efforts, emotion regulation strategies, current emotions and other emotion regulation related items. To ensure an equal distribution of surveys across the day, the surveys were scheduled using a stratified random interval scheme, with the day divided into eight equal windows. Participants received an ESM prompt at a random time within the first 45 minutes of each window. To ensure two surveys did not arrive too close together, we programmed the survey so that there were at least 30 minutes between beeps. Once they received a beep, participants had 20 minutes to fill out the survey. If a participant did not respond within the first 10 minutes, they received a survey reminder, and if they still did not respond they received another reminder just before the end of the expiry period. Participants received approximately 56 surveys overall (M = 55.66).
ESM measurement waves:
1
Ethics granting body:
The Psychology Health and Applied Sciences Human Ethics Sub-Committee of The University of Melbourne
Ethics protocol number:
2056651.1
Year/s data was collected:
2020
Location of participants (Countries):
Australia
Background information:
---
Languages:
English
Setting:
---
Collection platform:
---
Preregistration URL:
---
Days of ESM data collection:
7
Number of ESM measures per day:
8
Sampling schedule:
signal-contingent
ESM schedule start time:
10:00
ESM schedule end time:
20:20
ESM schedule duration:
---

Sample details

Type of sample:
Participants were aged 18 to 66 (M = 28.84, SD = 10.24), with 132 women, 38 men, and 3 participants who listed another gender. Two participants listed infeasible ages (likely typographical errors), and so their ages were coded as missing data. Fifty percent of participants identified as White or Caucasian, 17% as East Asian, 16% as South Asian, and 17% as other ethnicities.
Recruitment information:
Participants were recruited in three ways: the University of Melbourne Research Experience Program (n = 28), the University of Melbourne online paid SONA system (a registry of participants interested in paid research opportunities, n = 38), and community advertising (using Facebook, Twitter, and University staff newsletters, n = 107). Research Experience Program (REP) participants were first year undergraduate students who received up to 3% course credit for participation in the baseline and ESM surveys, with credit amount depending on level of participation. Paid and community participants were reimbursed $45 for completion of the baseline and ESM surveys, with payment amount depending on level of participation. Participants were required to own an Android or iPhone smartphone compatible with the application used for the ESM surveys. An additional criterion for paid and community participants was that they were required to be current residents of Australia. We implemented this criterion due to coordination problems that arose from time zone differences
Incentives:
REP students received 1% course credit for participants in the baseline session. If REP students completed up to 28 of the 56 smartphone surveys, they received 1% course credit. If they completed between 29 or more of the surveys, they received 2% course credit. Paid participants received $15 in vouchers for participating in the baseline session (Part 1), and up to $30 in vouchers for participating in the smartphone surveys (Part 2), for a possible $45 in vouchers in total. They received the full $30 for the smartphone surveys if they completed at least 80% of the surveys. They received $5 less for every 10% fewer surveys they completed (so for example, if they completed between 70 - 79% they received $25 for the smartphone surveys)
Exclusions:
No participants were excluded from analyses, however four participants stopped the study early: Two because of technical issues, one because of issues related to COVID-19, and one did not provide a reason. Data exclusions have yet to be applied to this dataset based on careless responding. However, this data contains corresponding columns indicating which items were completed too quickly. There are 3668 item responses within surveys (.02% of all item responses) that were completed in less than 650 ms and 149 complete survey responses (.02%of all surveys) had more than 50% of the items completed in less than 650 ms. Data exclusions can be applied to this dataset using the relevant response time information in the dataset.
Number of participants:
173

Contact info

Contact:
Elise Kalokerinos
Contact email:
elise.kalokerinos@unimelb.edu.au
Selection Variable Info Assessment type Constructs Branching
UUID Default None —
Date_Local Default None —
Time_Local Default None —
ACPT Accepted my emotions as they are ESM ACCEPTANCE EMOTION_REGULATION —
AGE What is your age in years (please ONLY enter a NUMBER)? Baseline AGE DEMOGRAPHICS —
ANG Right now, how angry do you feel? ESM AFFECT ANGER NEGATIVE_AFFECT —
ANG_GOAL Right now, how angry do you want to feel? ESM ANGER EMOTION_REGULATION ER_DESIRE —
ANG_GOAL_RT Response time for relevant variable ESM METADATA —
ANG_RT Response time for relevant variable ESM METADATA —
ANX Right now, how anxious do you feel? ESM AFFECT ANXIETY NEGATIVE_AFFECT —
ANX_GOAL Right now, how anxious do you want to feel? ESM ANXIETY EMOTION_REGULATION ER_DESIRE —
ANX_GOAL_RT Response time for relevant variable ESM METADATA —
ANX_RT Response time for relevant variable ESM METADATA —
BFI2_1 Is outgoing, sociable Baseline EXTRAVERSION PERSONALITY —
BFI2_10 Is curious about many different things Baseline OPENNESS PERSONALITY —
BFI2_11 Rarely feels excited or eager Baseline EXTRAVERSION PERSONALITY —
BFI2_12 Tends to find fault with others Baseline AGREEABLENESS PERSONALITY —
BFI2_13 Is dependable, steady Baseline CONSCIENTIOUSNESS PERSONALITY —
BFI2_14 Is moody, has up and down mood swings Baseline NEUROTICISM PERSONALITY —
BFI2_15 Is inventive, finds clever ways to do things Baseline OPENNESS PERSONALITY —
BFI2_16 Tends to be quiet Baseline EXTRAVERSION PERSONALITY —
BFI2_17 Feels little sympathy for others Baseline AGREEABLENESS PERSONALITY —
BFI2_18 Is systematic, likes to keep things in order Baseline CONSCIENTIOUSNESS PERSONALITY —
BFI2_19 Can be tense Baseline NEUROTICISM PERSONALITY —
BFI2_2 Is compassionate, has a soft heart Baseline AGREEABLENESS PERSONALITY —
BFI2_20 Is fascinated by art, music, or literature Baseline OPENNESS PERSONALITY —
BFI2_21 Is dominant, acts as a leader Baseline EXTRAVERSION PERSONALITY —
BFI2_22 Starts arguments with others Baseline AGREEABLENESS PERSONALITY —
BFI2_23 Has difficulty getting started on tasks Baseline CONSCIENTIOUSNESS PERSONALITY —
BFI2_24 Feels secure, comfortable with self Baseline SELF SELF_ESTEEM —
BFI2_25 Avoids intellectual, philosophical discussions Baseline OPENNESS PERSONALITY —
BFI2_26 Is less active than other people Baseline EXTRAVERSION PERSONALITY —
BFI2_27 Has a forgiving nature Baseline AGREEABLENESS PERSONALITY —
BFI2_28 Can be somewhat careless Baseline CONSCIENTIOUSNESS PERSONALITY —
BFI2_29 Is emotionally stable, not easily upset Baseline NEUROTICISM PERSONALITY —
BFI2_3 Tends to be disorganized Baseline CONSCIENTIOUSNESS PERSONALITY —
BFI2_30 Has little creativity Baseline OPENNESS PERSONALITY —
BFI2_31 Is sometimes shy, introverted Baseline EXTRAVERSION PERSONALITY —
BFI2_32 Is helpful and unselfish with others Baseline AGREEABLENESS PERSONALITY —
BFI2_33 Keeps things neat and tidy Baseline CONSCIENTIOUSNESS PERSONALITY —
BFI2_34 Worries a lot Baseline NEUROTICISM PERSONALITY —
BFI2_35 Values art and beauty Baseline OPENNESS PERSONALITY —
BFI2_36 Finds it hard to influence people Baseline EXTRAVERSION PERSONALITY —
BFI2_37 Is sometimes rude to others Baseline AGREEABLENESS PERSONALITY —
BFI2_38 Is efficient, gets things done Baseline CONSCIENTIOUSNESS PERSONALITY —
BFI2_39 Often feels sad Baseline NEUROTICISM PERSONALITY —
BFI2_4 Is relaxed, handles stress well Baseline NEUROTICISM PERSONALITY —
BFI2_40 Is complex, a deep thinker Baseline OPENNESS PERSONALITY —
BFI2_41 Is full of energy Baseline EXTRAVERSION PERSONALITY —
BFI2_42 Is suspicious of others’ intentions Baseline AGREEABLENESS PERSONALITY —
BFI2_43 Is reliable, can always be counted on Baseline CONSCIENTIOUSNESS PERSONALITY —
BFI2_44 Keeps their emotions under control Baseline PERSONALITY SELF_CONTROL —
BFI2_45 Has difficulty imagining things Baseline OPENNESS PERSONALITY —
BFI2_46 Is talkative Baseline EXTRAVERSION PERSONALITY —
BFI2_47 Can be cold and uncaring Baseline AGREEABLENESS PERSONALITY —
BFI2_48 Leaves a mess, doesn’t clean up Baseline CONSCIENTIOUSNESS PERSONALITY —
BFI2_49 Rarely feels anxious or afraid Baseline NEUROTICISM PERSONALITY —
BFI2_5 Has few artistic interests Baseline OPENNESS PERSONALITY —
BFI2_50 Thinks poetry and plays are boring Baseline OPENNESS PERSONALITY —
BFI2_51 Prefers to have others take charge Baseline EXTRAVERSION PERSONALITY —
BFI2_52 Is polite, courteous to others Baseline AGREEABLENESS PERSONALITY —
BFI2_53 Is persistent, works until the task is finished Baseline CONSCIENTIOUSNESS PERSONALITY —
BFI2_54 Tends to feel depressed, blue Baseline NEUROTICISM PERSONALITY —
BFI2_55 Has little interest in abstract ideas Baseline OPENNESS PERSONALITY —
BFI2_56 Shows a lot of enthusiasm Baseline EXTRAVERSION PERSONALITY —
BFI2_57 Assumes the best about people Baseline AGREEABLENESS PERSONALITY —
BFI2_58 Sometimes behaves irresponsibly Baseline CONSCIENTIOUSNESS PERSONALITY —
BFI2_59 Is temperamental, gets emotional easily Baseline NEUROTICISM PERSONALITY —
BFI2_6 Has an assertive personality Baseline EXTRAVERSION PERSONALITY —
BFI2_60 Is original, comes up with new ideas Baseline OPENNESS PERSONALITY —
BFI2_7 Is respectful, treats others with respect Baseline AGREEABLENESS PERSONALITY —
BFI2_8 Tends to be lazy Baseline CONSCIENTIOUSNESS PERSONALITY —
BFI2_9 Stays optimistic after experiencing a setback Baseline HOPE WELL_BEING —
CALM Right now, how calm do you feel? ESM AFFECT CALM POSITIVE_AFFECT —
CALM_GOAL Right now, how calm do you want to feel? ESM CALM EMOTION_REGULATION ER_DESIRE —
CALM_GOAL_RT Response time for relevant variable ESM METADATA —
CALM_RT Response time for relevant variable ESM METADATA —
CAREGIVER Do you have any other caregiving responsibilities? Baseline DEMOGRAPHICS FAMILY —
CESD_1 I was bothered by things that usually don't bother me. Baseline ANXIETY PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
CESD_10 I felt fearful. Baseline AFFECT FEAR NEGATIVE_AFFECT —
CESD_11 My sleep was restless. Baseline PHYSICAL_HEALTH SLEEP —
CESD_12 I was happy. Baseline AFFECT HAPPINESS POSITIVE_AFFECT —
CESD_13 I talked less than usual. Baseline SOCIAL SOCIAL_INTERACTION —
CESD_14 I felt lonely. Baseline LONELINESS SOCIAL —
CESD_15 People were unfriendly. Baseline SOCIAL SOCIAL_INTERACTION —
CESD_16 I enjoyed life. Baseline POSITIVE_AFFECT WELL_BEING —
CESD_17 I had crying spells. Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
CESD_18 I felt sad. Baseline AFFECT NEGATIVE_AFFECT SADNESS —
CESD_19 I felt that people dislike me. Baseline REJECTION SOCIAL —
CESD_2 I did not feel like eating; my appetite was poor. Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
CESD_20 I could not get "going." Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
CESD_3 I felt that I could not shake off the blues even with help from my family or friends. Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
CESD_4 I felt I was just as good as other people. Baseline SELF SELF_ESTEEM —
CESD_5 I had trouble keeping my mind on what I was doing. Baseline COGNITION —
CESD_6 I felt depressed. Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
CESD_7 I felt that everything I did was an effort. Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
CESD_8 I felt hopeful about the future. Baseline HOPE WELL_BEING —
CESD_9 I thought my life had been a failure. Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
CHANGE_BHVR Since the last survey, did you try to influence the way you behaved or acted? ESM EMOTION_REGULATION EMOTION_REGULATION_ATTEMPT —
CHANGE_BHVR_RT Response time for relevant variable ESM METADATA —
CHILD Do you have children under 18 years of age? Baseline DEMOGRAPHICS FAMILY —
CHILD_NUMBER Number of children under 18 Baseline DEMOGRAPHICS FAMILY —
CHRONIC_ILL Do you have a chronic physical illness (e.g. diabetes, asthma)? Baseline MEDICAL PHYSICAL_HEALTH —
COMPLETED_DATE_TIME Date and time ESM survey was completed. ESM METADATA —
COVID_EMPLOY How has your employment been affected by COVID-19? Please select all that apply. Baseline EMPLOYMENT EVENT SITUATION_CONTEXT —
COVID_EMPLOY_SPECIFY COVID employment if specfied "Other" Baseline EMPLOYMENT SITUATION_CONTEXT —
COVID_ESSENTIAL Are you deemed as an “essential worker” (e.g. healthcare worker, teacher, food services, retail worker)? Baseline EMPLOYMENT —
COVID_INFECT Have you been infected with the novel coronavirus? Baseline EVENT MEDICAL —
COVID_INFECT_FAM Have any of your close family members had COVID-19? Baseline EVENT MEDICAL SITUATION_CONTEXT —
COVID_WFH Are you currently working from home? Baseline EMPLOYMENT SITUATION_CONTEXT —
COVID_WORRY_1 Becoming unwell myself Baseline NEGATIVE_EVENT SITUATION_CONTEXT —
COVID_WORRY_2 Someone I love becoming unwell Baseline NEGATIVE_EVENT SITUATION_CONTEXT —
COVID_WORRY_3 Economic recession Baseline NEGATIVE_EVENT SITUATION_CONTEXT —
COVID_WORRY_4 Restricted access to supplies (e.g. food) Baseline NEGATIVE_EVENT SITUATION_CONTEXT —
COVID_WORRY_5 Health system being overloaded Baseline NEGATIVE_EVENT SITUATION_CONTEXT —
COVID_WORRY_6 Becoming unemployed Baseline EMPLOYMENT NEGATIVE_EVENT SITUATION_CONTEXT —
COVID_WORRY_GENERAL In general, how worried are you about COVID-19? Baseline AFFECT WORRY —
CREATED_TS Date and time survey created ESM METADATA —
DEC_NEG I tried to decrease negative emotion ESM EMOTION_REGULATION EMOTION_REGULATION_ATTEMPT EFFORT_INTENT
DEC_POS I tried to decrease positive emotion ESM EMOTION_REGULATION EMOTION_REGULATION_ATTEMPT EFFORT_INTENT
DIST Distracted myself from my emotions ESM DISTRACTION EMOTION_REGULATION STRATEGY —
DURATION Time taken to complete baseline Baseline METADATA —
EDU What is your level of education? Baseline EDUCATION —
EDU_CURRENT Are you currently studying? (e.g. at University, TAFE, School) Baseline EDUCATION —
EFFICACY Since the last survey, did you feel like you could control your emotions? ESM COPING_POTENTIAL EMOTION_REGULATION EFFORT_INTENT
EFFICACY_RT Response time for relevant variable ESM METADATA —
EFFORT_AMOUNT Since the last survey, how much effort did you put into influencing your emotions? ESM EMOTION_REGULATION EMOTION_REGULATION_EFFORT —
EFFORT_AMOUNT_RT Response time for relevant variable ESM METADATA —
EFFORT_BHVR Since the last survey, how much effort did you put into influencing the way you behaved or acted? ESM EMOTION_REGULATION EMOTION_REGULATION_EFFORT —
EFFORT_BHVR_RT Response time for relevant variable ESM METADATA —
EFFORT_INTENT Since the last survey, did you try to influence your emotions? ESM EMOTION_REGULATION EMOTION_REGULATION_ATTEMPT —
EFFORT_INTENT_RT Response time for relevant variable ESM METADATA —
EFFORT_TYPE_RT Response time for relevant variable ESM METADATA —
EMPLOY What is your employment status? Baseline EMPLOYMENT —
EMPLOY_TEXT Employment status is specified "Other" Baseline EMPLOYMENT —
EndDate Baseline end date and time ESM METADATA —
ERMOT_CONTRA What are your motivations for wanting to feel these different emotions? Please select all that apply: Increasing my immediate displeasure ESM CONTRAHEDONIC MOTIVE —
ERMOT_EPI What are your motivations for wanting to feel these different emotions? Please select all that apply: Helping me learn something ESM EPISTEMIC MOTIVE —
ERMOT_EUD What are your motivations for wanting to feel these different emotions? Please select all that apply: Helping me grow as a person ESM EUDAIMONIC MOTIVE —
ERMOT_HED What are your motivations for wanting to feel these different emotions? Please select all that apply: Increasing my immediate pleasure ESM HEDONIC MOTIVE —
ERMOT_NONE What are your motivations for wanting to feel these different emotions? Please select all that apply: I do not have a motivation ESM MOTIVE —
ERMOT_OTH What are your motivations for wanting to feel these different emotions? Please select all that apply: I have another motivation ESM MOTIVE —
ERMOT_PERF What are your motivations for wanting to feel these different emotions? Please select all that apply: Helping me undertake a task ESM MOTIVE PERFORMANCE —
ERMOT_SOC What are your motivations for wanting to feel these different emotions? Please select all that apply: Helping with my social relationships ESM MOTIVE SOCIAL —
ESL Is English your first or native language? Baseline LANGUAGE —
ETHN What is your ethnicity? Please select all that apply. Baseline ETHNICITY —
ETHN_SPECIFY Ethnicity if specified "Other" Baseline ETHNICITY —
EXPIRED_TS Date and time survey expired ESM METADATA —
GAD7_1 Feeling nervous, anxious, or on edge Baseline AFFECT ANXIETY NEGATIVE_AFFECT —
GAD7_2 Not being able to stop or control worrying Baseline AFFECT ANXIETY WORRY —
GAD7_3 Worrying too much about different things Baseline AFFECT WORRY —
GAD7_4 Trouble relaxing Baseline AFFECT ANXIETY NEGATIVE_AFFECT —
GAD7_5 Being so restless that it's hard to sit still Baseline AFFECT ANXIETY NEGATIVE_AFFECT —
GAD7_6 Becoming easily annoyed or irritable Baseline AFFECT IRRITATION NEGATIVE_AFFECT —
GAD7_7 Feeling afraid as if something awful might happen Baseline AFFECT FEAR NEGATIVE_AFFECT —
GENDER What is your gender? Baseline GENDER —
GENDER_SPECIFY Gender if selected "Prefer to self-identify" Baseline GENDER —
HAP Right now, how happy do you feel? ESM AFFECT HAPPINESS POSITIVE_AFFECT —
HAP_GOAL Right now, how happy do you want to feel? ESM EMOTION_REGULATION EMOTION_REGULATION_GOAL ER_DESIRE —
HAP_GOAL_RT Response time for relevant variable ESM METADATA —
HAP_RT Response time for relevant variable ESM METADATA —
HOME_COUNTRY Home country Baseline BIRTH_COUNTRY —
HOPE Right now, how hopeful do you feel? ESM AFFECT HOPE POSITIVE_AFFECT —
HOPE_GOAL Right now, how hopeful do you want to feel? ESM EMOTION_REGULATION EMOTION_REGULATION_GOAL HOPE —
HOPE_GOAL_RT Response time for relevant variable ESM METADATA —
HOPE_RT Response time for relevant variable ESM METADATA —
HOUSE_NUMBER How many people, including you, live in your household? Baseline FAMILY —
INC_NEG I tried to increase or maintain negative emotion ESM EMOTION_REGULATION EMOTION_REGULATION_ATTEMPT EFFORT_INTENT
INC_POS I tried to increase or maintain positive emotion ESM EMOTION_REGULATION EMOTION_REGULATION_ATTEMPT EFFORT_INTENT
INTERSURVEY_INTERVAL Time between previous and current survey (in minutes) ESM METADATA —
MOTIVE_RT Response time for relevant variable ESM METADATA —
NATION What is your nationality? (e.g. Australian) Baseline NATIONALITY —
NEG_EVENT Since the last survey, have you experienced a negative event? ESM EVENT NEGATIVE_EVENT SITUATION_CONTEXT —
NEG_EVENT_RT Response time for relevant variable ESM METADATA —
NEG_EXTENT How negative was this event? ESM EVENT NEGATIVE_EVENT NEG_EVENT
NEG_EXTENT_RT Response time for relevant variable ESM METADATA —
NO_EFFICACY Since the last survey, if you'd wanted to, do you feel like you could've controlled your emotions? ESM COPING_POTENTIAL EMOTION_REGULATION EFFORT_INTENT
NO_EFFICACY_RT Response time for relevant variable ESM METADATA —
NO_EFFORT_1 Why didn't you try to influence your emotions? Please select all that apply: It was too difficult ESM EMOTION_REGULATION EMOTION_REGULATION_ATTEMPT EFFORT_INTENT
NO_EFFORT_2 Why didn't you try to influence your emotions? Please select all that apply: I didn't want to ESM EMOTION_REGULATION EMOTION_REGULATION_ATTEMPT EFFORT_INTENT
NO_EFFORT_3 Why didn't you try to influence your emotions? Please select all that apply: I had another reason ESM EMOTION_REGULATION EFFORT_INTENT
NO_EFFORT_4 Why didn't you try to influence your emotions? Please select all that apply: I didn't have a reason ESM EMOTION_REGULATION EFFORT_INTENT
NO_EFFORT_RT Response time for relevant variable ESM METADATA —
NO_NEG Since the last survey, how negative have things generally been for you? ESM AFFECT NEGATIVE_AFFECT NEG_EVENT
NO_NEG_RT Response time for relevant variable ESM METADATA —
NO_POS Since the last survey, how positive have things generally been for you? ESM AFFECT POSITIVE_AFFECT POS_EVENT
NO_POS_RT Response time for relevant variable ESM METADATA —
NO_SUCCESS Since the last survey, if you'd wanted to, how successful do you feel you could've been in controlling your emotions? ESM EMOTION_REGULATION ER_ATTAIN EFFORT_INTENT
NO_SUCCESS_RT Response time for relevant variable ESM METADATA —
PARTICIPANT_TYPE Participant Type ESM DEMOGRAPHICS —
PID Sequential participant ID Global METADATA —
POS_EVENT Since the last survey, have you experienced a positive event? ESM EVENT POSITIVE_EVENT SITUATION_CONTEXT —
POS_EVENT_RT Response time for relevant variable ESM METADATA —
POS_EXTENT How positive was this event? ESM EVENT POSITIVE_EVENT POS_EVENT
POS_EXTENT_RT Response time for relevant variable ESM METADATA —
PSS_1 In the last month, how often have you been upset because of something that happened unexpectedly? Baseline STRESS UNEXPECTEDNESS —
PSS_10 In the last month, how often have you felt difficulties were piling up so high that you could not overcome them? Baseline STRESS —
PSS_2 In the last month, how often have you felt that you were unable to control the important things in your life? Baseline CONTROLLABILITY STRESS —
PSS_3 In the last month, how often have you felt nervous and “stressed”? Baseline NEGATIVE_AFFECT STRESS —
PSS_4 In the last month, how often have you felt confident about your ability to handle your personal problems? Baseline COPING_POTENTIAL SELF_EFFICACY —
PSS_5 In the last month, how often have you felt that things were going your way? Baseline HEDONIC WELL_BEING —
PSS_6 In the last month, how often have you found that you could not cope with all the things that you had to do? Baseline COPING STRESS —
PSS_7 In the last month, how often have you been able to control irritations in your life? Baseline CONTROLLABILITY STRESS —
PSS_8 In the last month, how often have you felt that you were on top of things? Baseline SELF SELF_EFFICACY —
PSS_9 In the last month, how often have you been angered because of things that were outside of your control? Baseline AFFECT AGENCY ANGER —
REAP Changed the way I was thinking ESM EMOTION_REGULATION REAPPRAISAL STRATEGY —
RELAT What is your relationship status? Baseline RELATIONSHIP —
RELAT_SPECIFY Relationship status text (if specified "Other") Baseline RELATIONSHIP —
RELIG Are you religious? Baseline RELIGION —
RUM Dwelled on my emotions ESM EMOTION_REGULATION RUMINATION STRATEGY —
SAD Right now, how sad do you feel? ESM AFFECT NEGATIVE_AFFECT SADNESS —
SAD_GOAL Right now, how sad do you want to feel? ESM EMOTION_REGULATION EMOTION_REGULATION_GOAL SADNESS —
SAD_GOAL_RT Response time for relevant variable ESM METADATA —
SAD_RT Response time for relevant variable ESM METADATA —
SCHEDULED_LAG_DATETIME Lagged survey time (Date and time previous survey scheduled) ESM METADATA —
SCHEDULED_TS Date and time survey scheduled ESM METADATA —
SES_LADDER Where would you place yourself on this ladder? Choose the number which best represents where you would be on this ladder at this time in your life relative to other people in Australia. Baseline SOCIO_ECONOMIC —
SOCSHR Shared my emotions with others ESM EMOTION_REGULATION SOCIAL_SHARING STRATEGY —
StartDate Baseline start date and time ESM METADATA —
STARTED_TS Date and time survey started ESM METADATA —
STR Right now, how stressed do you feel? ESM AFFECT NEGATIVE_AFFECT STRESS —
STRATEGY_RT Response time for relevant variable ESM METADATA —
STRAT_NONE I did not use a strategy ESM EMOTION_REGULATION STRATEGY —
STRAT_OTHER I used another strategy ESM EMOTION_REGULATION STRATEGY —
STRESSED_GOAL_RT Response time for relevant variable ESM METADATA —
STR_GOAL Right now, how stressed do you want to feel? ESM EMOTION_REGULATION EMOTION_REGULATION_GOAL STRESS —
STR_RT Response time for relevant variable ESM METADATA —
STUDY_NAME Name of study Global METADATA —
SUCCESS Since the last survey, how successful were you in controlling your emotions? ESM EMOTION_REGULATION ER_SUCCESS EFFORT_INTENT
SUCCESS_RT Response time for relevant variable ESM METADATA —
SUPR Suppressed the expression of my emotions ESM EMOTION_REGULATION EXPRESSIVE_SUPPRESSION STRATEGY —
SURVEY_COMPLETED Whether the ESM survey was completed ESM METADATA —
SURVEY_DAY ESM phase day number ESM METADATA —
SURVEY_NUMBER ESM survey number ESM METADATA —
SWLS_1 In most ways my life is close to my ideal. Baseline HEDONIC LIFE_SATISFACTION WELL_BEING —
SWLS_2 The conditions of my life are excellent. Baseline HEDONIC LIFE_SATISFACTION WELL_BEING —
SWLS_3 I am satisfied with my life. Baseline HEDONIC LIFE_SATISFACTION WELL_BEING —
SWLS_4 So far I have gotten the important things I want in life. Baseline HEDONIC LIFE_SATISFACTION WELL_BEING —
SWLS_5 If I could live my life over, I would change almost nothing. Baseline HEDONIC LIFE_SATISFACTION WELL_BEING —
TMZ Participant timezone ESM METADATA —
toofast.ANG_GOAL_RT Whether to keep or remove item based on response time ESM METADATA —
toofast.ANG_RT Whether to keep or remove item based on response time ESM METADATA —
toofast.ANX_GOAL_RT Whether to keep or remove item based on response time ESM METADATA —
toofast.ANX_RT Whether to keep or remove item based on response time ESM METADATA —
toofast.CALM_GOAL_RT Whether to keep or remove item based on response time ESM METADATA —
toofast.CALM_RT Whether to keep or remove item based on response time ESM METADATA —
toofast.CHANGE_BHVR_RT Whether to keep or remove item based on response time ESM METADATA —
toofast_count Number of surveys completed too fast ESM METADATA —
toofast.EFFICACY_RT Whether to keep or remove item based on response time ESM METADATA —
toofast.EFFORT_AMOUNT_RT Whether to keep or remove item based on response time ESM METADATA —
toofast.EFFORT_BHVR_RT Whether to keep or remove item based on response time ESM METADATA —
toofast.EFFORT_INTENT_RT Whether to keep or remove item based on response time ESM METADATA —
toofast.EFFORT_TYPE_RT Whether to keep or remove item based on response time ESM METADATA —
toofast.HAP_GOAL_RT Whether to keep or remove item based on response time ESM METADATA —
toofast.HAP_RT Whether to keep or remove item based on response time ESM METADATA —
toofast.HOPE_GOAL_RT Whether to keep or remove item based on response time ESM METADATA —
toofast.HOPE_RT Whether to keep or remove item based on response time ESM METADATA —
toofast.MOTIVE_RT Whether to keep or remove item based on response time ESM METADATA —
toofast.NEG_EVENT_RT Whether to keep or remove item based on response time ESM METADATA —
toofast.NEG_EXTENT_RT Whether to keep or remove item based on response time ESM METADATA —
toofast.NO_EFFICACY_RT Whether to keep or remove item based on response time ESM METADATA —
toofast.NO_EFFORT_RT Whether to keep or remove item based on response time ESM METADATA —
toofast.NO_NEG_RT Whether to keep or remove item based on response time ESM METADATA —
toofast.NO_POS_RT Whether to keep or remove item based on response time ESM METADATA —
toofast.NO_SUCCESS_RT Whether to keep or remove item based on response time ESM METADATA —
toofast.POS_EVENT_RT Whether to keep or remove item based on response time ESM METADATA —
toofast.POS_EXTENT_RT Whether to keep or remove item based on response time ESM METADATA —
toofast.SAD_GOAL_RT Whether to keep or remove item based on response time ESM METADATA —
toofast.SAD_RT Whether to keep or remove item based on response time ESM METADATA —
toofast.STRATEGY_RT Whether to keep or remove item based on response time ESM METADATA —
toofast.STR_GOAL_RT Whether to keep or remove item based on response time ESM METADATA —
toofast.STR_RT Whether to keep or remove item based on response time ESM METADATA —
toofast.SUCCESS_RT Whether to keep or remove item based on response time ESM METADATA —
TOTAL_RT Total survey resonse time (in ms) ESM METADATA —
TOTAL_SURVEY_COMPLETED Total number of surveys completed by participant ESM METADATA —
UPLOADED_TS Date and time survey uploaded ESM METADATA —

Publications

Main Publication

Flexibility or instability? Emotion goal dynamics and mental health

Title:
Flexibility or instability? Emotion goal dynamics and mental health
Authors:
Hu, D., Kalokerinos, E. K., Tamir, M.
Year of publication:
2024
Publication name:
Emotion
Volume number:
24
Issue number:
4
Page numbers:
1078-1091
DOI or URL:
doi: 10.1037/emo0001318
Publication type:
Refereed Journal Article

Additional publications

  • Hu, D., Mizrahi Lakan, S., Kalokerinos, E. K., & Tamir, M. (2024). Stuck with the foot on the pedal: Depression and motivated emotion regulation in daily life. Emotion, 24(5), 1299–1311. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0001351
  • Gutentag, T., Kalokerinos, E. K., Millgram, Y., Garrett, P. M., Sobel, R., & Tamir, M. (2024). Motivational Intensity in Emotion Regulation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672241273273
  • Sels, L., Debeer, D., & Kalokerinos, E. K. (2025) Men Do Not Suppress Emotions More than Women in Everyday Life: Evidence from Large Scale Experience-Sampling Data. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/3vxzj_v1
  • Uchida, A., Greenaway, K. H., O'Brien, S. T., Erbaş, Y., Tamir, M., & Kalokerinos, E. K. (2026). Trait emotion differentiation is associated with more instrumental emotion regulation motives when people feel negative in daily life. Emotion, 26(2), 285–299. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0001585

IS 20/07/2025: Date_Local and Time_Local variables changed from completed timepoints to scheduled timepoints.