Momentary Mindfulness and Everyday Emotion 2020

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Citation article

Title:
Impact of a Momentary Mindfulness Intervention on Rumination, Negative Affect, and their Dynamics in Daily Life
Authors:
Bolzenkötter, T., Neubauer A. B., Koval, P.
Year of publication:
2025
Publication name:
Affective Science
Volume number:
6
Issue number:
-
Page numbers:
259-271
DOI or URL:
https://doi.org/10.1007/s42761-024-00291-9
Publication type:
Refereed Journal Article

Study details

Baseline session:
Yes
Followup session:
No
Study design:
First, participants completed an online baseline survey two days prior to the ESM phase. The baseline comprised demographic questions, reports of meditation experience, meditation practice frequency and several validated self-report questionnaires. The day before the ESM phase, participants installed the SEMA3 app which was used to send the ESM surveys to participants. On this day participants also watched videos with instructions on how to use the app, and explanations of the content of the ESM surveys. The following day the ESM phase commenced where participants received 8 ESM surveys each day for 10 days. ESM surveys were sent via a stratified random-interval scheme. Participants received one survey approximately every 90 minutes. At each ESM survey, participants were randomly assigned to the mindfulness or active control task. Either intervention or control instructions were presented to participants asking them to listen to a 3-minute audio task hosted on soundcloud.com, after which participants were instructed to return to the ESM questionnaire. They then completed 15 ESM items. The same set of items were asked, regardless of whether the participants was assigned to the control or intervention task for each survey. The probability of receiving either task varied between-persons, however this was also randomly assigned. Therefore, while all participants received either the mindfulness or active control task throughout the study, the proportion of interventions delivered differed between participants.
ESM measurement waves:
1
Ethics granting body:
The University of Melbourne Human Research Ethics Committee
Ethics protocol number:
2056669.2
Year/s data was collected:
2020
Location of participants (Countries):
Australia
Background information:
A technical error occurred on Day 1 of the ESM phase for the first batch of participants, making these data unusable. Therefore, data from Day 1 of Batch 1 was removed from the dataset. Data from Batch 1 begins from Day 2 onwards.
Languages:
English
Setting:
---
Collection platform:
---
Preregistration URL:
https://osf.io/y3gnt/
Days of ESM data collection:
10
Number of ESM measures per day:
8
Sampling schedule:
signal-contingent
ESM schedule start time:
9:00
ESM schedule end time:
20:40
ESM schedule duration:
---

Sample details

Type of sample:
Participants were Prolific participants, whose mean age was 29.2 years (SD = 8.99) and of whom 51.6% were female (46.2% male, 2.2% other).
Recruitment information:
Participants were recruited via the online research platform Prolific. To be eligible, participants were required to (1) be aged at least 18 years; (2) be fluent in English; (3) have a smartphone running Android or iOS; (4) have normal or corrected-to-normal vision; (5) have no hearing loss/difficulties; and (6) have no untreated mental health conditions impacting their daily functioning.
Incentives:
Participants received £6.5 for completing the pre-ESM baseline questionnaires and an additional £4 for watching the ESM introduction video and successfully signing into the ESM app (SEMA3). During the 10-day ESM portion of the study, participants received three payments of £5 for their ongoing participation in the study on days 2, 4 and 7. At the end of the study, participants received £5 for completing the post-ESM follow-up questionnaires and a further £15 bonus if they had an overall ESM compliance rate of 75% or higher.
Exclusions:
After initially recruiting 146 participants, 28 participants did not commence the ESM phase (due to technical reasons or voluntarily withdrawal). Additionally, 21 participants whose compliance with the ESM protocol or the intervention was low were excluded during data collection . Six more participants were excluded with low intervention compliance who had not been previously excluded during data collection. 376 individual survey items were also removed that were completed in less than 750ms, indicating careless responding.
Number of participants:
91

Contact info

Contact:
Peter Koval
Contact email:
p.koval@unimelb.edu.au
Selection Variable Info Assessment type Constructs Branching
UUID Default None —
Date_Local Default None —
Time_Local Default None —
AGE How old are you in years? Baseline AGE DEMOGRAPHICS —
ANG Right now, how angry do you feel? ESM AFFECT ANGER NEGATIVE_AFFECT —
ANX Right now, how anxious do you feel? ESM AFFECT ANXIETY NEGATIVE_AFFECT —
AUDIO_EASY I found that the background sound audio tasks were easy to complete. Follow_up EFFORT ESM_IMPACT —
BATCH Number of batch the participant belongs to Global METADATA —
BFI_1 I am someone who tends to be quiet Baseline EXTRAVERSION PERSONALITY —
BFI_10 I am someone who feels secure, comfortable with myself Baseline SELF SELF_ESTEEM —
BFI_11 I am someone who is less active than other people Baseline EXTRAVERSION PERSONALITY —
BFI_12 I am someone who is temperamental, gets emotional easily Baseline NEUROTICISM PERSONALITY —
BFI_2 I am someone who worries a lot Baseline NEUROTICISM PERSONALITY WORRY —
BFI_3 I am someone who is dominant, acts as a leader Baseline CONFIDENCE EXTRAVERSION PERSONALITY —
BFI_4 I am someone who who tends to feel depressed, blue Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
BFI_5 I am someone who is full of energy Baseline ENERGETIC EXTRAVERSION PERSONALITY —
BFI_6 I am someone who who is emotionally stable, not easily upset Baseline NEUROTICISM PERSONALITY —
BFI_7 I am someone who is outgoing, sociable Baseline EXTRAVERSION PERSONALITY —
BFI_8 I am someone who is relaxed, handles stress well Baseline NEUROTICISM PERSONALITY —
BFI_9 I am someone who prefers others take charge Baseline AGREEABLENESS PERSONALITY —
CALM Right now, how calm do you feel? ESM AFFECT CALM POSITIVE_AFFECT —
CHEER Right now, how cheerful do you feel? ESM AFFECT CHEERFULNESS POSITIVE_AFFECT —
COMPLETED_DATE_TIME Date and time ESM survey was completed. ESM METADATA —
CONTRL_RT reaction time to the control task in miliseconds ESM PERFORMANCE —
COVID_AFFEC How much have you been affected by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic? Baseline EVENT NEGATIVE_EVENT STRESS —
CREATED_DATE_TIME Date and time ESM survey created ESM METADATA —
DASS_1 I found it hard to wind down. Baseline AFFECT NEGATIVE_AFFECT STRESS —
DASS_10 I felt that I had nothing to look forward to Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
DASS_11 I found myself getting agitated Baseline AFFECT NEGATIVE_AFFECT STRESS —
DASS_12 I found it difficult to relax Baseline AFFECT NEGATIVE_AFFECT STRESS —
DASS_13 I felt down-hearted and blue Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
DASS_14 I was intolerant of anything that kept me from getting on with what I was doing Baseline AFFECT IRRITATION NEGATIVE_AFFECT —
DASS_15 I felt I was close to panic Baseline AFFECT ANXIETY NEGATIVE_AFFECT —
DASS_16 I was unable to become enthusiastic about anything Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
DASS_17 I felt I wasn’t worth much as a person Baseline SELF SELF_ESTEEM —
DASS_18 I felt that I was rather touchy Baseline AFFECT IRRITATION NEGATIVE_AFFECT —
DASS_19 I was aware of the action of my heart in the absence of physical exertion (e.g. sense of heart rate increase, heart missing a beat) Baseline INTEROCEPTIVE_AWARENESS —
DASS_2 I was aware of dryness of my mouth Baseline PHYSICAL_HEALTH —
DASS_20 I felt scared without any good reason Baseline AFFECT FEAR NEGATIVE_AFFECT —
DASS_21 I felt that life was meaningless Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
DASS21_1 I found it hard to wind down. Follow_up AFFECT NEGATIVE_AFFECT STRESS —
DASS21_10 I felt that I had nothing to look forward to Follow_up DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
DASS21_11 I found myself getting agitated Follow_up AFFECT NEGATIVE_AFFECT STRESS —
DASS21_12 I found it difficult to relax Follow_up AFFECT NEGATIVE_AFFECT STRESS —
DASS21_13 I felt down-hearted and blue Follow_up DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
DASS21_14 I was intolerant of anything that kept me from getting on with what I was doing Follow_up AFFECT IRRITATION NEGATIVE_AFFECT —
DASS21_15 I felt I was close to panic Follow_up AFFECT ANXIETY NEGATIVE_AFFECT —
DASS21_16 I was unable to become enthusiastic about anything Follow_up DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
DASS21_17 I felt I wasn’t worth much as a person Follow_up SELF SELF_ESTEEM —
DASS21_18 I felt that I was rather touchy Follow_up AFFECT IRRITATION NEGATIVE_AFFECT —
DASS21_19 I was aware of the action of my heart in the absence of physical exertion (e.g. sense of heart rate increase, heart missing a beat) Follow_up INTEROCEPTIVE_AWARENESS —
DASS21_2 I was aware of dryness of my mouth Follow_up PHYSICAL_HEALTH —
DASS21_20 I felt scared without any good reason Follow_up AFFECT FEAR NEGATIVE_AFFECT —
DASS21_21 I felt that life was meaningless Follow_up DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
DASS21_3 I couldn’t seem to experience any positive feeling at all Follow_up DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
DASS21_4 I experienced breathing difficulty (e.g. excessively rapid breathing, breathlessness in the absence of physical exertion) Follow_up AFFECT ANXIETY NEGATIVE_AFFECT —
DASS21_5 I found it difficult to work up the initiative to do things Follow_up DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
DASS21_6 I tended to over-react to situations Follow_up AFFECT NEGATIVE_AFFECT STRESS —
DASS21_7 I experienced trembling (e.g. in the hands) Follow_up AFFECT ANXIETY NEGATIVE_AFFECT —
DASS21_8 I felt that I was using a lot of nervous energy Follow_up AFFECT ANXIETY NEGATIVE_AFFECT —
DASS21_9 I was worried about situations in which I might panic and make a fool of myself Follow_up AFFECT ANXIETY NEGATIVE_AFFECT —
DASS_3 I couldn’t seem to experience any positive feeling at all Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
DASS_4 I experienced breathing difficulty (e.g. excessively rapid breathing, breathlessness in the absence of physical exertion) Baseline AFFECT ANXIETY NEGATIVE_AFFECT —
DASS_5 I found it difficult to work up the initiative to do things Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
DASS_6 I tended to over-react to situations Baseline AFFECT NEGATIVE_AFFECT STRESS —
DASS_7 I experienced trembling (e.g. in the hands) Baseline AFFECT ANXIETY NEGATIVE_AFFECT —
DASS_8 I felt that I was using a lot of nervous energy Baseline AFFECT ANXIETY NEGATIVE_AFFECT —
DASS_9 I was worried about situations in which I might panic and make a fool of myself Baseline AFFECT ANXIETY NEGATIVE_AFFECT —
DEPR Right now, how depressed do you feel? ESM AFFECT DEPRESSION NEGATIVE_AFFECT —
DURATION_TOTAL Time taken to complete baseline Baseline METADATA —
DURATION_TOTAL Time taken to complete follow up Follow_up METADATA —
EDU What is the highest level of education you have completed? Baseline DEMOGRAPHICS EDUCATION —
EMPLOY_FULLTIME What is your current employment status (select all that apply)? Full time Baseline DEMOGRAPHICS EMPLOYMENT —
EMPLOY_NOTEMPLOYED What is your current employment status (select all that apply)? Not employed Baseline DEMOGRAPHICS EMPLOYMENT —
EMPLOY_PARTTIME What is your current employment status (select all that apply)? Part time Baseline DEMOGRAPHICS EMPLOYMENT —
EMPLOY_RETIRED What is your current employment status (select all that apply)? Retired Baseline DEMOGRAPHICS EMPLOYMENT —
EMPLOY_STUDENT What is your current employment status (select all that apply)? Student Baseline DEMOGRAPHICS EMPLOYMENT —
END_DATE_TIME Date and time baseline completed Baseline METADATA —
END_DATE_TIME Follow up end date and time Follow_up METADATA —
ESL Is English your first language? Baseline DEMOGRAPHICS LANGUAGE —
ESM_EASY I found that the daily ESM surveys were easy to complete. Follow_up EFFORT ESM_IMPACT —
ETHN How do you describe your ethnicity? Baseline DEMOGRAPHICS ETHNICITY —
EXCITE Right now, how excited do you feel? ESM AFFECT EXCITEMENT POSITIVE_AFFECT —
EXP_MEDITATION Do you have any previous experience with meditation (e.g. Mindfulness, Zen, Vipashyana,meditative comtemplation, mind training etc.)? Baseline MEDITATION_EXPERIENCE —
FFMQ_1 While walking, I am aware of the sensations in my body. Baseline INTEROCEPTIVE_AWARENESS MINDFULNESS —
FFMQ_1 While walking, I am aware of the sensations in my body. Follow_up INTEROCEPTIVE_AWARENESS MINDFULNESS —
FFMQ_10 I correct myself when I think the way I shouldn’t. Baseline SELF_CONTROL —
FFMQ_10 I correct myself when I think the way I shouldn’t. Follow_up SELF_CONTROL —
FFMQ_11 I can feel how eating and drinking affect my body and mind. Baseline INTEROCEPTIVE_AWARENESS MINDFULNESS —
FFMQ_11 I can feel how eating and drinking affect my body and mind. Follow_up INTEROCEPTIVE_AWARENESS MINDFULNESS —
FFMQ_12 I find it hard to express what I feel. Baseline ALEXITHYMIA —
FFMQ_12 I find it hard to express what I feel. Follow_up ALEXITHYMIA —
FFMQ_13 I am easily distracted. Baseline COGNITION EXECUTIVE_FUNCTION —
FFMQ_13 I am easily distracted. Follow_up COGNITION EXECUTIVE_FUNCTION —
FFMQ_14 I am aware that some of my thoughts are not normal, and I know that I shouldn’t feel that way. Baseline REFLECTION —
FFMQ_14 I am aware that some of my thoughts are not normal, and I know that I shouldn’t feel that way. Follow_up REFLECTION —
FFMQ_15 I can feel pure sensations like the wind or the sunlight touching my skin. Baseline INTEROCEPTIVE_AWARENESS MINDFULNESS —
FFMQ_15 I can feel pure sensations like the wind or the sunlight touching my skin. Follow_up INTEROCEPTIVE_AWARENESS MINDFULNESS —
FFMQ_16 Sometimes I cannot find words to express what I feel. Baseline ALEXITHYMIA —
FFMQ_16 Sometimes I cannot find words to express what I feel. Follow_up ALEXITHYMIA —
FFMQ_17 I judge my thoughts as good or bad. Baseline REFLECTION SELF_COMPASSION —
FFMQ_17 I judge my thoughts as good or bad. Follow_up REFLECTION SELF_COMPASSION —
FFMQ_18 I find it difficult to sustain focus. Baseline COGNITION EXECUTIVE_FUNCTION —
FFMQ_18 I find it difficult to sustain focus. Follow_up COGNITION EXECUTIVE_FUNCTION —
FFMQ_19 I step back when I catch myself thinking something negative or distressing. Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION REFLECTION STRATEGY —
FFMQ_19 I step back when I catch myself thinking something negative or distressing. Follow_up EMOTION_REGULATION REFLECTION STRATEGY —
FFMQ_2 I can describe my feelings well. Baseline AWARENESS CLARITY EMOTION_DIFFERENTIATION —
FFMQ_2 I can describe my feelings well. Follow_up AWARENESS CLARITY EMOTION_DIFFERENTIATION —
FFMQ_20 I can pay attention to the clock ticking, birds chirping, and cars passing. Baseline AWARENESS INTEROCEPTIVE_AWARENESS —
FFMQ_20 I can pay attention to the clock ticking, birds chirping, and cars passing. Follow_up AWARENESS INTEROCEPTIVE_AWARENESS —
FFMQ_21 I think before reacting under stressful situations. Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION SELF_CONTROL —
FFMQ_21 I think before reacting under stressful situations. Follow_up EMOTION_REGULATION SELF_CONTROL —
FFMQ_22 I find it difficult to describe my bodily sensations in words Baseline ALEXITHYMIA CLARITY INTEROCEPTIVE_AWARENESS —
FFMQ_22 I find it difficult to describe my bodily sensations in words Follow_up ALEXITHYMIA CLARITY INTEROCEPTIVE_AWARENESS —
FFMQ_23 I sometimes feel that I am not in complete awareness of myself. Baseline AWARENESS MINDFULNESS —
FFMQ_23 I sometimes feel that I am not in complete awareness of myself. Follow_up AWARENESS MINDFULNESS —
FFMQ_24 I can calm down soon after experiencing distressing thoughts and impulses. Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION ER_SUCCESS SELF_CONTROL —
FFMQ_24 I can calm down soon after experiencing distressing thoughts and impulses. Follow_up EMOTION_REGULATION ER_SUCCESS SELF_CONTROL —
FFMQ_3 I criticize myself for having irrational emotions and thoughts. Baseline SELF SELF_COMPASSION SHAME —
FFMQ_3 I criticize myself for having irrational emotions and thoughts. Follow_up SELF SELF_COMPASSION SHAME —
FFMQ_4 I can perceive emotions without reacting to them. Baseline ACCEPTANCE EMOTION_REGULATION_ATTEMPT MINDFULNESS —
FFMQ_4 I can perceive emotions without reacting to them. Follow_up ACCEPTANCE EMOTION_REGULATION_ATTEMPT MINDFULNESS —
FFMQ_5 When I do things, my mind wanders off and I’m easily distracted. Baseline COGNITION MIND_WANDERING —
FFMQ_5 When I do things, my mind wanders off and I’m easily distracted. Follow_up COGNITION MIND_WANDERING —
FFMQ_6 I am aware of the bodily sensations when I take a bath Baseline AWARENESS INTEROCEPTIVE_AWARENESS —
FFMQ_6 I am aware of the bodily sensations when I take a bath Follow_up AWARENESS INTEROCEPTIVE_AWARENESS —
FFMQ_7 I can easily talk about my thoughts and opinions. Baseline CONFIDENCE EXPRESSION —
FFMQ_7 I can easily talk about my thoughts and opinions. Follow_up CONFIDENCE EXPRESSION —
FFMQ_8 I don’t pay attention to my work as I am busy daydreaming most of the time. Baseline COGNITION MIND_WANDERING —
FFMQ_8 I don’t pay attention to my work as I am busy daydreaming most of the time. Follow_up COGNITION MIND_WANDERING —
FFMQ_9 I can watch my feelings without getting attached to them. Baseline ACCEPTANCE EMOTION_DIFFERENTIATION MINDFULNESS —
FFMQ_9 I can watch my feelings without getting attached to them. Follow_up ACCEPTANCE EMOTION_DIFFERENTIATION MINDFULNESS —
GENDER What is your gender? Baseline DEMOGRAPHICS GENDER —
HAP Right now, how happy do you feel? ESM AFFECT HAPPINESS POSITIVE_AFFECT —
INTERVEN_RT reaction time to the mindfulness intervention in miliseconds ESM METADATA —
INTERVENTION_OR_CTRL Whether the mindfulness intervention or control task was completed at this survey ESM METADATA —
MINDFULNESS_HELPFUL I found that the mindfulness exercises were helpful. Follow_up EMOTION_REGULATION ER_SUCCESS MINDFULNESS —
MOMENT_MINDFUL1 Over the last minutes, were you curious about each thought/feeling that you had? ESM CURIOUSITY MINDFULNESS —
MOMENT_MINDFUL1_RT reaction time to the item MOMENT_MINDFUL1 (used for checking compliance for the audio task) ESM METADATA —
MOMENT_MINDFUL2 Over the last minutes, did you try to accept each thought/feeling you had, whether it was pleasant or unpleasant? ESM ACCEPTANCE EMOTION_REGULATION_ATTEMPT MINDFULNESS —
MOMENT_MINDFUL2_RT reaction time to the item MOMENT_MINDFUL2 used for checking compliance for the audio task) ESM METADATA —
NEGEV_INTENSITY Think about the most negative event that has occurred since the last survey, how intense was it? ESM EVENT NEGATIVE_EVENT SITUATION_CONTEXT —
OCCASION_PROB randomized probability of this specific survey to deliver the mindfulness intervention vs. the control task. ESM METADATA —
PANAS_1 Interested Baseline AFFECT INTEREST POSITIVE_AFFECT —
PANAS_10 Proud Baseline AFFECT POSITIVE_AFFECT PRIDE —
PANAS_11 Irritable Baseline AFFECT IRRITATION NEGATIVE_AFFECT —
PANAS_12 Alert Baseline AFFECT AROUSAL —
PANAS_13 Ashamed Baseline AFFECT NEGATIVE_AFFECT SHAME —
PANAS_14 Inspired Baseline AFFECT ENTHUSIASTIC POSITIVE_AFFECT —
PANAS_15 Nervous Baseline AFFECT NEGATIVE_AFFECT NERVOUSNESS —
PANAS_16 Determined Baseline AFFECT CONFIDENCE POSITIVE_AFFECT —
PANAS_17 Attentive Baseline AWARENESS —
PANAS_18 Jittery Baseline AFFECT NEGATIVE_AFFECT NERVOUSNESS —
PANAS_19 Active Baseline AFFECT ENERGETIC POSITIVE_AFFECT —
PANAS_2 Distressed Baseline AFFECT NEGATIVE_AFFECT STRESS —
PANAS_20 Afraid Baseline AFFECT FEAR NEGATIVE_AFFECT —
PANAS_3 Excited Baseline AFFECT EXCITEMENT POSITIVE_AFFECT —
PANAS_4 Upset Baseline AFFECT NEGATIVE_AFFECT SADNESS —
PANAS_5 Strong Baseline AFFECT CONFIDENCE POSITIVE_AFFECT —
PANAS_6 Guilty Baseline AFFECT GUILT NEGATIVE_AFFECT —
PANAS_7 Scared Baseline AFFECT FEAR NEGATIVE_AFFECT —
PANAS_8 Hostile Baseline AFFECT ANGER NEGATIVE_AFFECT —
PANAS_9 Enthusiastic Baseline AFFECT ENTHUSIASTIC POSITIVE_AFFECT —
POSEV_INTENSITY Think about the most positive event that has occurred since the last survey, how intense was it? ESM EVENT POSITIVE_EVENT SITUATION_CONTEXT —
PRAC_MEDITATION Are you currently practicing mindfulness meditation, if yes, how frequent is it? Baseline DEMOGRAPHICS MINDFULNESS —
PROB_ID randomized probability of receiving the mindfulness intervention vs. the control task for this participant. ESM METADATA —
RAND_PROB Final randomized probability of delivering the mindfulness (vs. active control) intervention. ESM METADATA —
RELAT What is your relationship status? Baseline DEMOGRAPHICS RELATIONSHIP —
RLX Right now, how relaxed do you feel? ESM AFFECT POSITIVE_AFFECT RELAXATION —
RRS_1 Think "What am I doing to deserve this?" Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION RUMINATION STRATEGY —
RRS_1 Think "What am I doing to deserve this?" Follow_up EMOTION_REGULATION RUMINATION STRATEGY —
RRS_10 Go someplace alone to think about your feelings Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION RUMINATION STRATEGY —
RRS_10 Go someplace alone to think about your feelings Follow_up EMOTION_REGULATION RUMINATION STRATEGY —
RRS_2 Analyse recent events to try to understand why you are depressed Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION REFLECTION STRATEGY —
RRS_2 Analyse recent events to try to understand why you are depressed Follow_up EMOTION_REGULATION REFLECTION STRATEGY —
RRS_3 Think "Why do I always react this way?" Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION RUMINATION STRATEGY —
RRS_3 Think "Why do I always react this way?" Follow_up EMOTION_REGULATION RUMINATION STRATEGY —
RRS_4 Go away by yourself and think about why you feel this way Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION RUMINATION STRATEGY —
RRS_4 Go away by yourself and think about why you feel this way Follow_up EMOTION_REGULATION RUMINATION STRATEGY —
RRS_5 Write down what you are thinking and analyse it Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION REFLECTION STRATEGY —
RRS_5 Write down what you are thinking and analyse it Follow_up EMOTION_REGULATION REFLECTION STRATEGY —
RRS_6 Think about a recent situation, wishing it had gone better Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION RUMINATION STRATEGY —
RRS_6 Think about a recent situation, wishing it had gone better Follow_up EMOTION_REGULATION RUMINATION STRATEGY —
RRS_7 Think "Why do I have problems other people don't have?" Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION RUMINATION STRATEGY —
RRS_7 Think "Why do I have problems other people don't have?" Follow_up EMOTION_REGULATION RUMINATION STRATEGY —
RRS_8 Think "Why can't I handle things better?" Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION RUMINATION STRATEGY —
RRS_8 Think "Why can't I handle things better?" Follow_up EMOTION_REGULATION RUMINATION STRATEGY —
RRS_9 Analyse your personality to try to understand why you are depressed Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION REFLECTION STRATEGY —
RRS_9 Analyse your personality to try to understand why you are depressed Follow_up EMOTION_REGULATION REFLECTION STRATEGY —
RSE_1 On the whole, I am satisfied with myself. Baseline SELF SELF_ESTEEM —
RSE_10 I take a positive attitude toward myself. Baseline SELF SELF_ESTEEM —
RSE_2 At times, I think I am no good at all. Baseline SELF SELF_ESTEEM —
RSE_3 I feel that I have a number of good qualities. Baseline SELF SELF_ESTEEM —
RSE_4 I am able to do things as well as most other people. Baseline SELF SELF_ESTEEM —
RSE_5 I feel I do not have much to be proud of. Baseline SELF SELF_ESTEEM —
RSE_6 I certainly feel useless at times. Baseline SELF SELF_ESTEEM —
RSE_7 I feel that I’m a person of worth, at least on an equal plane with others. Baseline SELF SELF_ESTEEM —
RSE_8 I wish I could have more respect for myself. Baseline SELF SELF_ESTEEM —
RSE_9 All in all, I am inclined to feel that I am a failure. Baseline SELF SELF_ESTEEM —
RUM Over the last minutes, did you find yourself getting stuck on your feelings and problems? ESM EMOTION_REGULATION RUMINATION STRATEGY —
RUM_RT reaction time to the item RUM (used for checking compliance for the audio task) ESM METADATA —
SAD Right now, how sad do you feel? ESM AFFECT NEGATIVE_AFFECT SADNESS —
SCHEDULED_DATE_TIME Date and time ESM survey scheduled ESM METADATA —
START_DATE_TIME Follow up start date and time Follow_up METADATA —
STARTED_DATE_TIME Date and time baseline started Baseline METADATA —
STARTED_DATE_TIME Date and time ESM survey started ESM METADATA —
STR Right now, how stressed do you feel? ESM AFFECT NEGATIVE_AFFECT STRESS —
SURVEY_DAY ESM phase day ESM METADATA —
SURVEY_NUMBER Sequential number of survey for entire ESM phase ESM METADATA —
SURVEY_NUMBER_EACHDAY Number of survey within the given day ESM METADATA —
SWLS_1 In most ways my life is close to my ideal. Baseline HEDONIC LIFE_SATISFACTION WELL_BEING —
SWLS_1 In most ways my life is close to my ideal. Follow_up HEDONIC LIFE_SATISFACTION WELL_BEING —
SWLS_2 The conditions of my life are excellent Baseline HEDONIC LIFE_SATISFACTION WELL_BEING —
SWLS_2 The conditions of my life are excellent Follow_up HEDONIC LIFE_SATISFACTION WELL_BEING —
SWLS_3 I am satisfied with my life. Baseline HEDONIC LIFE_SATISFACTION WELL_BEING —
SWLS_3 I am satisfied with my life. Follow_up HEDONIC LIFE_SATISFACTION WELL_BEING —
SWLS_4 So far I have gotten the important things I want in life Baseline HEDONIC LIFE_SATISFACTION WELL_BEING —
SWLS_4 So far I have gotten the important things I want in life Follow_up HEDONIC LIFE_SATISFACTION WELL_BEING —
SWLS_5 If I could live my life over, I would change almost nothing Baseline HEDONIC LIFE_SATISFACTION WELL_BEING —
SWLS_5 If I could live my life over, I would change almost nothing Follow_up HEDONIC LIFE_SATISFACTION WELL_BEING —
WEMWBS_1 I’ve been feeling optimistic about the future Baseline HEDONIC HOPE WELL_BEING —
WEMWBS_1 I’ve been feeling optimistic about the future Follow_up HEDONIC HOPE WELL_BEING —
WEMWBS_10 I’ve been able to make up my own mind about things Baseline AUTONOMY SELF —
WEMWBS_10 I’ve been able to make up my own mind about things Follow_up AUTONOMY SELF —
WEMWBS_11 I’ve been feeling loved Baseline LOVE RELATEDNESS SOCIAL —
WEMWBS_11 I’ve been feeling loved Follow_up LOVE RELATEDNESS SOCIAL —
WEMWBS_12 I’ve been interested in new things Baseline CURIOUSITY WELL_BEING —
WEMWBS_12 I’ve been interested in new things Follow_up CURIOUSITY WELL_BEING —
WEMWBS_13 I’ve been feeling cheerful Baseline AFFECT CHEERFULNESS POSITIVE_AFFECT —
WEMWBS_13 I’ve been feeling cheerful Follow_up AFFECT CHEERFULNESS POSITIVE_AFFECT —
WEMWBS_2 I’ve been feeling useful Baseline USEFULNESS WELL_BEING —
WEMWBS_2 I’ve been feeling useful Follow_up USEFULNESS WELL_BEING —
WEMWBS_3 I’ve been feeling interested in other people Baseline RELATEDNESS SOCIAL —
WEMWBS_3 I’ve been feeling interested in other people Follow_up RELATEDNESS SOCIAL —
WEMWBS_4 I’ve had energy to spare Baseline AFFECT ENERGETIC —
WEMWBS_4 I’ve had energy to spare Follow_up AFFECT ENERGETIC —
WEMWBS_5 I’ve been dealing with problems well Baseline COPING SELF_EFFICACY —
WEMWBS_5 I’ve been dealing with problems well Follow_up COPING SELF_EFFICACY —
WEMWBS_6 I’ve been thinking clearly Baseline COGNITION —
WEMWBS_6 I’ve been thinking clearly Follow_up COGNITION —
WEMWBS_7 I’ve been feeling good about myself Baseline SELF SELF_ESTEEM —
WEMWBS_7 I’ve been feeling good about myself Follow_up SELF SELF_ESTEEM —
WEMWBS_8 I’ve been feeling close to other people Baseline ATTACHMENT RELATEDNESS SOCIAL —
WEMWBS_8 I’ve been feeling close to other people Follow_up ATTACHMENT RELATEDNESS SOCIAL —
WEMWBS_9 I’ve been feeling confident Baseline CONFIDENCE SELF —
WEMWBS_9 I’ve been feeling confident Follow_up CONFIDENCE SELF —

Publications

Main Publication

Impact of a Momentary Mindfulness Intervention on Rumination, Negative Affect, and their Dynamics in Daily Life

Title:
Impact of a Momentary Mindfulness Intervention on Rumination, Negative Affect, and their Dynamics in Daily Life
Authors:
Bolzenkötter, T., Neubauer A. B., Koval, P.
Year of publication:
2025
Publication name:
Affective Science
Volume number:
6
Issue number:
-
Page numbers:
259-271
DOI or URL:
https://doi.org/10.1007/s42761-024-00291-9
Publication type:
Refereed Journal Article

Additional publications

  • Neubauer, A. B., Koval, P., Zyphur, M. J., & Hamaker, E. L. (2025). Experiments in daily life: When causal within-person effects do (not) translate into between-person differences. Psychological Methods. https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000741

IS 20/07/2025: Date_Local and Time_Local variables changed from completed timepoints to scheduled timepoints. Original date and time local variable is now labelled as COMPLETED_DATE_TIME.