Well-being Affected by Secrecy Processes (WASP)

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Citation article

Title:
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Authors:
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Year of publication:
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Publication name:
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Issue number:
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Page numbers:
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DOI or URL:
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Publication type:
Refereed Journal Article

Study details

Baseline session:
Yes
Followup session:
Yes
Study design:
The study consisted of a baseline session and 7 days of ESM surveys. Each day, participants were prompted to complete 8 ESM surveys. Each day, the first 7 daily ESM surveys were randomly scheduled. The final survey each day was an end-of-day survey. Variables ending with EDS correspond to end of day survey variables. The study investigated how people feel about their secrets and how they manage their emotions about those secrets. Some survey questions varied as a function of certain item responses (e.g., some items were only presented after participants indicated that they have experienced mind-wandering to secrets; some items were only presented after participants indicated that they have not experienced mind-wandering to secrets).
ESM measurement waves:
1
Ethics granting body:
The Psychology Health and Applied Sciences Human Ethics Sub-Committee of The University of Melbourne
Ethics protocol number:
2023-25981-39080-4
Year/s data was collected:
2023
Location of participants (Countries):
Australia
Background information:
The first 7 ESM surveys were sent on a semi-random schedule each day (between 9:30 and 19:20) and remained open for 20 minutes before expiring. The final survey was an end-of-day survey which was sent between 20:00 and 21:00 and remained open for 60 minutes before expiring.
Languages:
English
Setting:
---
Collection platform:
---
Preregistration URL:
https://osf.io/jhxz3/
Days of ESM data collection:
7
Number of ESM measures per day:
7 ESM surveys and 1 end-of-day survey.
Sampling schedule:
mixed/other
ESM schedule start time:
9:30
ESM schedule end time:
22:00
ESM schedule duration:
---

Sample details

Type of sample:
Participants were community members who completed the baseline surveys online and completed the ESM surveys using the SEMA3 smartphone app.
Recruitment information:
Participants were recruited via advertisements on university mailing lists and flyers placed around campus and in other online and community-based locations. To take part in the study, participants were required to be in the Australian Standard Time zone and have an iPhone(iOS 8 or above) or Android phone (Android 6.0 or above) that is not an Oppo, Realmeor Huawei phone . To be included in the ESM part of the study (and the dataset), participants must have completed the baseline survey in full, including watching the briefing videos and responding to comprehension check questions. Participants were also excluded if they failed all three attentional checks in the baseline survey or completed the baseline survey in under 15 minutes. Start and end of day surveys asked participants to report on whether they can recall which secret they had selected for the study, and whether that secret is still a secret. If participants indicated that the secret is no longer a secret, and/or they cannot remember the secret selected for the study, we will exclude data from the surveys completed by that participant on that day. We excluded from analysis all data from participants providing inconsistent responses to those questions (e.g. alternating yes/no responses more than once to either or both of those questions across the week). ESM surveys indicating careless responding (items that are responded to quicker than 650ms) were replaced with missing data.
Incentives:
Participants received $10 for completing the online baseline session and up to $40 for completing the ESM surveys across the following week for a possible $50 in total (all payment numbers are in Australian dollars). Participants received the full $40 for the ESM phase if they completed 85% or more of the ESM surveys. Participants also received a personalised report of their response across the ESM surveys.
Exclusions:
7 participants voluntarily withdrew after completing the baseline survey. 62 participants were excluded as they did not have any secrets, had incomplete baseline surveys or were outside of the Australian Standard Time Zone. 11 participants were excluded who provided inconsistent responses about whether they had a secret or not, or did not mind-wander to their secret. This left a final sample of N=207.
Number of participants:
207

Contact info

Contact:
Valentina Bianchi
Contact email:
val.bianchi@unimelb.edu.au
Selection Variable Info Assessment type Constructs Branching
UUID Default None —
Date_Local Default None —
Time_Local Default None —
AGE What is your age in years? Baseline AGE DEMOGRAPHICS —
BFI_1 Worries a lot Baseline NEUROTICISM PERSONALITY —
BFI_10 Is sometimes rude to others Baseline AGREEABLENESS PERSONALITY —
BFI_11 Has a forgiving nature Baseline AGREEABLENESS PERSONALITY —
BFI_12 Is considerate and kind to almost everyone Baseline AGREEABLENESS PERSONALITY —
BFI_13 Does a thorough job Baseline CONSCIENTIOUSNESS PERSONALITY —
BFI_14 Tends to be lazy Baseline CONSCIENTIOUSNESS PERSONALITY —
BFI_15 Does things efficiently Baseline CONSCIENTIOUSNESS PERSONALITY —
BFI_2 Gets nervous easily Baseline NEUROTICISM PERSONALITY —
BFI_3 Remains calm in tense situations Baseline NEUROTICISM PERSONALITY —
BFI_4 Is talkative Baseline EXTRAVERSION PERSONALITY —
BFI_5 Is outgoing, sociable Baseline EXTRAVERSION PERSONALITY —
BFI_6 Is reserved Baseline EXTRAVERSION PERSONALITY —
BFI_7 Is original, comes up with new ideas Baseline OPENNESS PERSONALITY —
BFI_8 Values artistic, aesthetic experiences Baseline OPENNESS PERSONALITY —
BFI_9 Has an active imagination Baseline OPENNESS PERSONALITY —
CESD_1 I was bothered by things that usually don't bother me. Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
CESD_10 I felt fearful. Baseline AFFECT FEAR NEGATIVE_AFFECT —
CESD_11 My sleep was restless. Baseline PHYSICAL_HEALTH SLEEP —
CESD_12 I was happy. Baseline AFFECT HAPPINESS POSITIVE_AFFECT —
CESD_13 I talked less than usual. Baseline EXTRAVERSION SOCIAL_INTERACTION —
CESD_14 I felt lonely. Baseline LONELINESS SOCIAL —
CESD_15 People were unfriendly. Baseline REJECTION SOCIAL —
CESD_16 I enjoyed life. Baseline AFFECT HAPPINESS POSITIVE_AFFECT —
CESD_17 I had crying spells. Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
CESD_18 I felt sad. Baseline AFFECT NEGATIVE_AFFECT SADNESS —
CESD_19 I felt that people dislike me. Baseline REJECTION SOCIAL —
CESD_2 I did not feel like eating; my appetite was poor. Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
CESD_20 I could not get "going." Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
CESD_3 I felt that I could not shake off the blues even with help from my family or friends. Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
CESD_4 I felt I was just as good as other people. Baseline SELF SELF_ESTEEM —
CESD_5 I had trouble keeping my mind on what I was doing. Baseline COGNITION —
CESD_6 I felt depressed. Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
CESD_7 I felt that everything I did was an effort. Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
CESD_8 I felt hopeful about the future. Baseline AFFECT HOPE POSITIVE_AFFECT —
CESD_9 I thought my life had been a failure. Baseline SELF SELF_ESTEEM —
COMPLETED_DATE_TIME Date and time ESM survey was completed ESM METADATA —
CONTEXT_ABSORB In the last hour, how focused have you been on your current activities (e.g. work, studying, household tasks)? ESM COGNITION SECRET_MW_YN
CONTEXT_ABSORB_RT Response time for relevant variable ESM METADATA —
CONTEXT_CUES In the last hour, how much have you noticed things that reminded you of the secret? ESM SECRECY SITUATION_CONTEXT SECRET_MW_YN
CONTEXT_CUES_RT Response time for relevant variable ESM METADATA —
CONTEXT_URGENT In the last hour, how much have you had to deal with urgent or important issues unrelated to the secret? ESM DISTRACTION SITUATION_CONTEXT SECRET_MW_YN
CONTEXT_URGENT_RT Response time for relevant variable ESM METADATA —
CREATED_DATE_TIME Time and date ESM survey created ESM METADATA —
CSQ1_1 Hurt another person (for example, emotionally or physically hurt someone), and kept this secret from someone else Baseline NEGATIVE_EVENT SECRECY —
CSQ1_10 Violated someone's trust (but NOT by a lie) for example, by snooping, revealing information about someone, breaking or losing something that belongs to someone without telling them, etc) Baseline NEGATIVE_EVENT SECRECY —
CSQ1_11 Had romantic desires about someone (while being single) for example, a crush, in love with someone, wanting relations with a specific person Baseline RELATIONSHIP SECRECY —
CSQ1_12 Unhappy in a romantic relationship Baseline RELATIONSHIP SECRECY —
CSQ1_13 Thought about having relations with another person (while already in a relationship) Baseline RELATIONSHIP SECRECY —
CSQ1_14 Committed emotional infidelity (NOT involving actual sexual infidelity) for example, having an inappropriate emotional connection with someone, or engaging in something other than sex, such as flirting, kissing, etc Baseline RELATIONSHIP SECRECY —
CSQ1_15 Committed sexual infidelity (engaged in sexual relations with someone who was not your partner) Baseline SECRECY SEXUAL —
CSQ1_16 At some point was in a relationship with someone who themselves actually had a partner (that is, the person was cheating on their partner -- with you) Baseline RELATIONSHIP SECRECY —
CSQ1_17 Dislike a friend, or unhappy with current social life Baseline SECRECY SOCIAL —
CSQ1_18 Dissatisfied with something physical about yourself Baseline SELF SELF_ESTEEM —
CSQ1_19 Had mental health issues, or dissatisfied with something about yourself other than physical appearance (for example, fears, anxieties, depression, mental disorders, eating disorders) Baseline PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SECRECY —
CSQ1_2 Used illegal drugs, OR abused / addicted to a legal drug (e.g., alcohol, painkillers) Baseline SECRECY SUBSTANCE_USE —
CSQ1_20 Cheated or did something improper at work (or school), or having lied to get a job (or into a school) Baseline NEGATIVE_EVENT SECRECY —
CSQ1_21 Performing poorly at work (or school) Baseline EMPLOYMENT SECRECY —
CSQ1_22 Dissatisfied with your situation at work (or school) Baseline EMPLOYMENT SECRECY —
CSQ1_23 Planning to propose marriage Baseline GOAL SECRECY —
CSQ1_24 Planning a surprise for someone (other than a marriage proposal) Baseline GOAL SECRECY —
CSQ1_3 Had a habit or addiction (but NOT involving drugs) Baseline NEGATIVE_EVENT SECRECY —
CSQ1_4 Stolen something from someone or some place Baseline NEGATIVE_EVENT SECRECY —
CSQ1_5 Engaged in something illegal (other than drugs or stealing) Baseline NEGATIVE_EVENT SECRECY —
CSQ1_6 Physically harmed yourself Baseline SECRECY SELF_HARM —
CSQ1_7 Had an abortion Baseline MEDICAL SECRECY —
CSQ1_8 Had a traumatic experience (other than the above) Baseline NEGATIVE_EVENT SECRECY —
CSQ1_9 Have lied to someone Baseline NEGATIVE_EVENT SECRECY —
CSQ2_1 Have you ever hidden a hobby or possession? Baseline SECRECY —
CSQ2_10 Kept secret details about finances (or amount of money you have)? Baseline SECRECY SOCIO_ECONOMIC —
CSQ2_11 Kept secret a job or employment that you have (or school activity)? Baseline EMPLOYMENT SECRECY —
CSQ2_12 Kept a secret ambition, secret plan, or secret goal for yourself? Baseline GOAL SECRECY —
CSQ2_13 A secret unusual behavior (unrelated to any of the above categories, in this section and the earlier section)? Baseline SECRECY —
CSQ2_14 A specific story you keep a secret (unrelated to any of the other categories, this section and the above section)? Baseline EVENT SECRECY —
CSQ2_2 Have you ever hidden a current relationship, or kept a past relationship secret? Baseline RELATIONSHIP SECRECY —
CSQ2_3 Have you ever kept a detail about your family secret? Baseline FAMILY SECRECY —
CSQ2_4 Have you ever been pregnant and didn't tell some people? Baseline MEDICAL SECRECY —
CSQ2_5 Have you ever concealed your sexual orientation / gender identity? Baseline GENDER SECRECY SEXUAL —
CSQ2_6 Sexual behavior that you keep secret? (other than sexual orientation, for example, porn, masturbation, fantasies, unusual sexual behavior, etc.) Baseline SECRECY SEXUAL —
CSQ2_7 Kept secret a lack of having sex? (i.e., that you are not, or were not, having sex at some point) Baseline SECRECY SEXUAL —
CSQ2_8 Kept secret a preference for something? (for example, not liking something that people think you like, or liking something people do not know you like) Baseline SECRECY VALUES —
CSQ2_9 Kept a belief secret? (for example, political views, religious views, views about social groups, prejudice) Baseline BELIEF SECRECY —
DURATION_TOTAL Time taken to complete baseline Baseline METADATA —
DURATION_TOTAL Total ESM survey response time (in ms) ESM METADATA —
EDU What is your level of education? Baseline DEMOGRAPHICS EDUCATION —
EndDate Date and time baseline completed Baseline METADATA —
ESL Is English your first language? Baseline LANGUAGE —
ETHN What is your ethnicity? Please select all that apply. Baseline ETHNICITY —
ETHN_RECODE What is your ethnicity? Baseline ETHNICITY —
ETHN_SPECIFY Ethnicity if selected "Other" Baseline ETHNICITY —
EXPIRED_DATE_TIME Time and date survey expired ESM METADATA —
GAD7_1 Feeling nervous, anxious, or on edge Baseline AFFECT ANXIETY NEGATIVE_AFFECT —
GAD7_2 Not being able to stop or control worrying Baseline AFFECT ANXIETY NEGATIVE_AFFECT —
GAD7_3 Worrying too much about different things Baseline AFFECT ANXIETY NEGATIVE_AFFECT —
GAD7_4 Trouble relaxing Baseline AFFECT ANXIETY NEGATIVE_AFFECT —
GAD7_5 Being so restless that it's hard to sit still Baseline AFFECT ANXIETY NEGATIVE_AFFECT —
GAD7_6 Becoming easily annoyed or irritable Baseline AFFECT IRRITATION NEGATIVE_AFFECT —
GAD7_7 Feeling afraid as if something awful might happen Baseline AFFECT FEAR NEGATIVE_AFFECT —
GENDER What is your gender? Baseline DEMOGRAPHICS GENDER —
GENDER_SPECIFY Gender specified by participant Baseline GENDER —
HOUSEHOLD How many people, including you, live in your household Baseline DEMOGRAPHICS FAMILY —
INTERSURVEY_INTERVAL Time between previous and current survey ESM METADATA —
LONE In the last hour, how lonely have you felt? ESM AFFECT LONELINESS —
LONE_RT Response time for relevant variable ESM METADATA —
NATION_RECODE What is your nationality? Baseline DEMOGRAPHICS NATIONALITY —
PMERQ_1 To calm down, I do not show others how I feel. Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION EXPRESSIVE_SUPPRESSION STRATEGY —
PMERQ_10 During conflicts I change the topic towards something less upsetting, to feel less bad. Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION SITUATION_MODIFICATION STRATEGY —
PMERQ_11 I confront upsetting situations head-on to feel less upset. Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION PROBLEM_SOLVING STRATEGY —
PMERQ_12 To feel less bad, I avoid people if I expect an interaction with them to be unpleasant. Baseline AVOIDANCE EMOTION_REGULATION STRATEGY —
PMERQ_13 To feel less anxious in stressful situations, I divert my attention away from the situation. Baseline DISTRACTION EMOTION_REGULATION STRATEGY —
PMERQ_14 I steer contentious conversations towards a different topic, to reduce how upset they make me feel. Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION SITUATION_MODIFICATION STRATEGY —
PMERQ_15 To feel less anxious, I tackle stressful situations head-on. Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION PROBLEM_SOLVING STRATEGY —
PMERQ_16 I suppress my emotion expressions during stressful conversations to feel less anxious. Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION EXPRESSIVE_SUPPRESSION STRATEGY —
PMERQ_17 To reduce how upset conflicts make me, I actively find compromises. Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION PROBLEM_SOLVING STRATEGY —
PMERQ_18 I avoid stressful situations, to prevent feeling anxious. Baseline AVOIDANCE EMOTION_REGULATION STRATEGY —
PMERQ_19 During a conflict, to calm myself down I work towards finding a compromise. Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION PROBLEM_SOLVING STRATEGY —
PMERQ_2 I concentrate on the least negative aspects of an upsetting situation, to feel less upset. Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION REAPPRAISAL STRATEGY —
PMERQ_20 To reduce how upset I feel when something upsetting happens, I think of this as a chance to grow. Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION REAPPRAISAL STRATEGY —
PMERQ_21 To feel less nervous during a stressful situation, I think about the good things that could come from the situation. Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION REAPPRAISAL STRATEGY —
PMERQ_22 To reduce how bad I feel during unpleasant conversations, I focus on anything the person says that is not unpleasant. Baseline DISTRACTION EMOTION_REGULATION STRATEGY —
PMERQ_23 I focus on the least negative components of a stressful situation, to feel less anxious. Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION REAPPRAISAL STRATEGY —
PMERQ_24 To feel less upset when things do not work out as planned, I think of it as a chance to learn. Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION REAPPRAISAL STRATEGY —
PMERQ_25 When something does not go as planned, I re-evaluate its importance to reduce how bad I feel. Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION REAPPRAISAL STRATEGY —
PMERQ_26 During conflicts, I calm down by negotiating a resolution to the conflict. Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION PROBLEM_SOLVING STRATEGY —
PMERQ_27 I distract myself during unpleasant situations to feel less bad. Baseline DISTRACTION EMOTION_REGULATION STRATEGY —
PMERQ_28 To reduce how upset a situation makes me feel, I tackle it head-on. Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION PROBLEM_SOLVING STRATEGY —
PMERQ_29 To feel less upset during upsetting situations, I divert my attention away from what is happening. Baseline DISTRACTION EMOTION_REGULATION STRATEGY —
PMERQ_3 To feel less anxious during a conflict, I move the conversation to another topic. Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION SITUATION_MODIFICATION STRATEGY —
PMERQ_30 To feel less stressed, I ask others for help. Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION HELP_SEEK STRATEGY —
PMERQ_31 To reduce how anxious I feel during stressful conversations, I focus on things the person says that are not negative. Baseline DISTRACTION EMOTION_REGULATION STRATEGY —
PMERQ_32 I talk with others about what makes me nervous, to feel less anxious. Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION SOCIAL_SHARING STRATEGY —
PMERQ_33 To reduce how bad I feel during unpleasant situations, I do something to distract myself. Baseline DISTRACTION EMOTION_REGULATION STRATEGY —
PMERQ_34 I do not tell others when I am upset, as a way to reduce how upset I feel. Baseline CONCEALMENT EMOTION_REGULATION STRATEGY —
PMERQ_35 During stressful conversations, I distract myself to feel less anxious. Baseline DISTRACTION EMOTION_REGULATION STRATEGY —
PMERQ_36 To reduce how bad conflicts make me feel, I work to solve the disagreement. Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION PROBLEM_SOLVING STRATEGY —
PMERQ_37 To feel less upset during a heated conversation, I change the subject. Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION SITUATION_MODIFICATION STRATEGY —
PMERQ_38 If something does not work out as I wanted, to feel less bad I decide that perhaps it was not so important. Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION REAPPRAISAL STRATEGY —
PMERQ_39 I work to find a solution to conflicts, to decrease how anxious they make me feel. Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION PROBLEM_SOLVING STRATEGY —
PMERQ_4 To feel less anxious, I avoid stressful situations. Baseline AVOIDANCE EMOTION_REGULATION STRATEGY —
PMERQ_40 When something does not work out, to calm down I try to see it as a blessing in disguise. Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION REAPPRAISAL STRATEGY —
PMERQ_41 When going for something I want gets me in a stressful situation, to feel less anxious I question the importance of what I want. Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION REAPPRAISAL STRATEGY —
PMERQ_42 To reduce how upset a situation makes me feel, I avoid the situation. Baseline AVOIDANCE EMOTION_REGULATION STRATEGY —
PMERQ_43 I steer combative conversations to neutral topics, to reduce how bad they make me feel. Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION SITUATION_MODIFICATION STRATEGY —
PMERQ_44 I avoid upsetting conversations to feel less upset. Baseline AVOIDANCE EMOTION_REGULATION STRATEGY —
PMERQ_45 When something upsetting happens, to feel less upset, I think about the possible benefits of the situation. Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION REAPPRAISAL STRATEGY —
PMERQ_5 I avoid situations others tell me will be unpleasant, to feel less bad. Baseline AVOIDANCE EMOTION_REGULATION STRATEGY —
PMERQ_6 I work to negotiate a resolution to conflicts I have with others, to decrease how bad I feel Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION PROBLEM_SOLVING STRATEGY —
PMERQ_7 To feel less upset when things do not go as planned, I think about what may be the benefits. Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION REAPPRAISAL STRATEGY —
PMERQ_8 I express how I feel to my friends as a way to feel less bad. Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION SOCIAL_SHARING STRATEGY —
PMERQ_9 When I have something unpleasant to discuss with someone, I confront them to feel less bad. Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION PROBLEM_SOLVING STRATEGY —
RELAT What is your relationship status? Baseline DEMOGRAPHICS RELATIONSHIP —
RRS_1 Think “What am I doing to deserve this?” Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION RUMINATION STRATEGY —
RRS_10 Go someplace alone to think about your feelings Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION RUMINATION STRATEGY —
RRS_2 Think “Why do I always react this way?” Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION RUMINATION STRATEGY —
RRS_3 Think about a recent situation, wishing it had gone better Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION RUMINATION STRATEGY —
RRS_4 Think “Why do I have problems other people don’t have?” Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION RUMINATION STRATEGY —
RRS_5 Think “Why can’t I handle things better?” Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION RUMINATION STRATEGY —
RRS_6 Analyse recent events to try to understand why you are depressed Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION RUMINATION STRATEGY —
RRS_7 Go away by yourself and think about why you feel this way Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION RUMINATION STRATEGY —
RRS_8 Write down what you are thinking and analyse it Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION REFLECTION STRATEGY —
RRS_9 Analyse your personality to try to understand why you are depressed Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION RUMINATION STRATEGY —
SCHEDULED_DATE_TIME Time and date ESM survey scheduled ESM METADATA —
SCHEDULED_LAG_DATETIME Date and time of previous survey (Lagged survey time) ESM METADATA —
SCS_1 I have an important secret that I haven't shared with anyone Baseline SECRECY —
SCS_10 I have negative thoughts about myself that I never share with anyone Baseline SECRECY SELF —
SCS_2 If I shared all my secrets with my friends, they'd like me less Baseline BELIEF SECRECY —
SCS_3 There are lots of things about me that I keep to myself Baseline SECRECY —
SCS_4 Some of my secrets have really tormented me Baseline AFFECT SECRECY —
SCS_5 When something bad happens to me, I tend to keep it to myself Baseline CONCEALMENT SECRECY —
SCS_6 I am often afraid I'll reveal something I don't want to Baseline BELIEF FEAR SECRECY —
SCS_7 Telling a secret often backfires and I wish I hadn't told it Baseline BELIEF SECRECY —
SCS_8 I have a secret that is so private I would lie if anybody asked me about it Baseline CONCEALMENT SECRECY —
SCS_9 My secrets are too embarrassing to share with others Baseline SECRECY SHAME —
SECRET_ACPT In the last hour, I have been okay with my feelings about the secret. ESM ACCEPTANCE SECRECY —
SECRET_ACPT_RT Response time for relevant variable ESM METADATA —
SECRET_ANX Right now, how anxious does your secret make you feel? ESM AFFECT ANXIETY SECRECY —
SECRET_ANX_RT Response time for relevant variable ESM METADATA —
SECRET_CONC In the last hour, I focused on something positive to stop thinking about the secret. ESM DISTRACTION SECRECY STRATEGY —
SECRET_CONCEAL In the last hour, how much did you prevent yourself/hold back from revealing the secret to other people? ESM CONCEALMENT SECRECY —
SECRET_CONCEAL_RT Response time for relevant variable ESM METADATA —
SECRET_CONC_RT Response time for relevant variable ESM METADATA —
SECRET_DISCOVER This secret is discoverable Baseline BELIEF SECRECY —
SECRET_DISGUST Right now, how disgusted does your secret make you feel? ESM AFFECT DISGUST SECRECY —
SECRET_DISGUST_RT Response time for relevant variable ESM METADATA —
SECRET_DIST In the last hour, I distracted myself from feelings about the secret. ESM DISTRACTION SECRECY STRATEGY —
SECRET_DIST_RT Response time for relevant variable ESM METADATA —
SECRET_EMB Right now, how embarrassed does your secret make you feel? ESM AFFECT EMBARRASSMENT SECRECY —
SECRET_EMB_RT Response time for relevant variable ESM METADATA —
SECRET_FEEL How do you feel about this secret? Baseline AFFECT SECRECY —
SECRET_GUILT Right now, how guilty does your secret make you feel? ESM AFFECT GUILT SECRECY —
SECRET_GUILT_RT Response time for relevant variable ESM METADATA —
SECRET_HAP Right now, how happy does your secret make you feel? ESM AFFECT HAPPINESS SECRECY —
SECRET_HAP_RT Response time for relevant variable ESM METADATA —
SECRET_HARM Keeping this secret is harmful to at least one of my relationships Baseline RELATIONSHIP SECRECY —
SECRET_IMMORAL Keeping this secret is immoral Baseline BELIEF SECRECY —
SECRET_INSTRUCT The following questions are about your most significant secret ESM SECRECY SITUATION_CONTEXT —
SECRET_INSTRUCT_RT Response time for relevant variable ESM METADATA —
SECRET_IRR Right now, how irritated does your secret make you feel? ESM AFFECT IRRITATION SECRECY —
SECRET_IRR_RT Response time for relevant variable ESM METADATA —
SECRET_KEEP I feel able to keep this secret Baseline SECRECY SELF_EFFICACY —
SECRET_MW1 In the last hour, how much did you find yourself thinking about the secret? ESM RUMINATION SECRECY SECRET_MW_YN
SECRET_MW1_RT Response time for relevant variable ESM METADATA —
SECRET_MW_DELIB1 In the last hour, I allowed my thoughts to wander to the secret on purpose. ESM MIND_WANDERING SECRECY SECRET_MW_YN
SECRET_MW_DELIB1_RT Response time for relevant variable ESM METADATA —
SECRET_MW_SPONT2 In the last hour, my mind wandered to the secret even when I was supposed to be doing something else. ESM MIND_WANDERING SECRECY SECRET_MW_YN
SECRET_MW_SPONT2_RT Response time for relevant variable ESM METADATA —
SECRET_MW_TEXT_RT Response time for relevant variable ESM METADATA —
SECRET_MW_YN In the last hour, did you find yourself thinking about the secret? ESM SECRECY —
SECRET_MW_YN_RT Response time for relevant variable ESM METADATA —
SECRET_NO_MORE Is the information still secret from one or more people? ESM SECRECY —
SECRET_NO_MORE_RT Response time for relevant variable ESM METADATA —
SECRET_NONJUDGE In the last hour, I noticed how I was feeling about the secret without judging my feelings. ESM ACCEPTANCE MINDFULNESS SECRECY —
SECRET_NONJUDGE_RT Response time for relevant variable ESM METADATA —
SECRET_REAP1 In the last hour, I took an objective, more distant perspective when thinking about the secret ESM PERSPECTIVE_TAKING SECRECY —
SECRET_REAP1_RT Response time for relevant variable ESM METADATA —
SECRET_REAP2 In the last hour, I reminded myself that the secret is not that important. ESM REAPPRAISAL SECRECY —
SECRET_REAP2_RT Response time for relevant variable ESM METADATA —
SECRET_REAP3 In the last hour, I reminded myself of some positive aspects about the secret. ESM REAPPRAISAL SECRECY —
SECRET_REAP3_RT Response time for relevant variable ESM METADATA —
SECRET_RECALL Do you remember what your most significant secret is? ESM AWARENESS SECRECY —
SECRET_RECALL_RT Response time for relevant variable ESM METADATA —
SECRET_REFL In the last hour, I reflected on the causes and consequences of the secret. ESM REFLECTION SECRECY —
SECRET_REFL_RT Response time for relevant variable ESM METADATA —
SECRET_REVEAL Do you plan to reveal this secret at some point in the future? Baseline GOAL SECRECY —
SECRET_RLX Right now, how relaxed does your secret make you feel? ESM AFFECT POSITIVE_AFFECT RELAXATION —
SECRET_RLX_RT Response time for relevant variable ESM METADATA —
SECRET_RUM In the last hour, I dwelled on my feelings about the secret. ESM RUMINATION SECRECY —
SECRET_RUM_RT Response time for relevant variable ESM METADATA —
SECRET_SAD Right now, how sad does your secret make you feel? ESM AFFECT NEGATIVE_AFFECT SADNESS —
SECRET_SAD_RT Response time for relevant variable ESM METADATA —
SECRET_SIGNIFICANCE How significant is this secret? Baseline IMPORTANCE SECRECY —
SECRET_SOCSHR1 In the last hour, I talked to others about my feelings about the secret. ESM SECRECY SOCIAL_SHARING —
SECRET_SOCSHR1_RT Response time for relevant variable ESM METADATA —
SECRET_SOCSHR2 In the last hour, I talked to others about facts related to the secret. ESM SECRECY SOCIAL_SHARING —
SECRET_SOSHR2_RT Response time for relevant variable ESM METADATA —
SecretsScore Total number of secrets reported in each CSQ category Baseline SECRECY —
SECRET_SUPR In the last hour, I made an effort to hide my feelings about the secret. ESM CONCEALMENT EXPRESSIVE_SUPPRESSION SECRECY —
SECRET_SUPR_RT Response time for relevant variable ESM METADATA —
SECRET_TARGET Who are you keeping this secret from? (select all that apply) Baseline RELATIONSHIP SECRECY —
SECRET_TARGET_TEXT Who are you keeping this secret from? (Text Entry) Baseline RELATIONSHIP SECRECY —
StartDate Date and time baseline started Baseline METADATA —
STARTED_DATE_TIME Time and date ESM survey started ESM METADATA —
SURVEY_COMPLETED Whether the survey was completed ESM METADATA —
SURVEY_DAY Study day ESM METADATA —
SURVEYDAY_NUMBER Study sequential survey number ESM METADATA —
SURVEY_NAME Survey Type (Start/End of Day or During the Day) ESM METADATA —
TOTAL_SURVEY_COMPLETED Total number of esm surveys completed ESM METADATA —
TOTAL_SURVEYS_SENT Total number of surveys sent to the participant ESM METADATA —
UCLA_1 I am unhappy doing so many things alone Baseline LONELINESS SOCIAL —
UCLA_10 I feel left out Baseline LONELINESS SOCIAL —
UCLA_11 I feel completely alone Baseline LONELINESS SOCIAL —
UCLA_12 I am unable to reach out and communicate with those around me Baseline LONELINESS SOCIAL —
UCLA_13 My social relationships are superficial Baseline LONELINESS SOCIAL —
UCLA_14 I feel starved for company Baseline LONELINESS SOCIAL —
UCLA_15 No one really knows me well Baseline LONELINESS SOCIAL —
UCLA_16 I feel isolated from others Baseline LONELINESS SOCIAL —
UCLA_17 I am unhappy being so withdrawn Baseline LONELINESS SOCIAL —
UCLA_18 It is difficult for me to make friends Baseline LONELINESS SOCIAL —
UCLA_19 I feel shut out and excluded by others Baseline LONELINESS SOCIAL —
UCLA_2 I have nobody to talk to Baseline LONELINESS SOCIAL —
UCLA_20 People are around me but not with me Baseline LONELINESS SOCIAL —
UCLA_3 I cannot tolerate being so alone Baseline LONELINESS SOCIAL —
UCLA_4 I lack companionship Baseline LONELINESS SOCIAL —
UCLA_5 I feel as if nobody really understands me Baseline LONELINESS SOCIAL —
UCLA_6 I find myself waiting for people to get in touch Baseline LONELINESS SOCIAL —
UCLA_7 There is no one I can turn to Baseline LONELINESS SOCIAL —
UCLA_8 I am no longer close to anyone Baseline LONELINESS SOCIAL —
UCLA_9 My interests and ideas are not shared by those around me Baseline LONELINESS SOCIAL —
UPLOADED_DATE_TIME Time and date survey uploaded ESM METADATA —

Publications

Main Publication

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Publication type:
Refereed Journal Article

Additional publications

  • Sels, L., Debeer, D., & Kalokerinos, E. K. (2025) Men Do Not Suppress Emotions More than Women in Everyday Life: Evidence from Large Scale Experience-Sampling Data. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/3vxzj_v1

IS 20/07/2025: Date_Local and Time_Local variables changed from completed timepoints to scheduled timepoints. 

 

IS 13/05/2026: Originally, the variables for the first and last ESM survey of each day were separate to the rest of the ESM surveys and had the suffix EDS. These surveys were merged with the other ESM columns as the participants were asked the same questions in these surveys except for two (SECRET_RECALL and SECRET_NO_MORE ). We merged these variables to ensure researchers received these data when requesting the dataset.